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Making Mountains Out of Molehills The Banach-Tarski Paradox. By Bob Kronberger Jay Laporte Paul Miller Brian Sikora Aaron Sinz. Introduction. Definitions Schroder-Bernstein Theorem Axiom of Choice Conclusion. Banach-Tarski Theorem.
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Making Mountains Out of MolehillsThe Banach-Tarski Paradox By Bob Kronberger Jay Laporte Paul Miller Brian Sikora Aaron Sinz
Introduction Definitions Schroder-Bernstein Theorem Axiom of Choice Conclusion
Banach-Tarski Theorem If X and Y are bounded subsets of having nonempty interiors, then there exists a natural number n and partitions and of X and Y (into n pieces each) such that is congruent to for all j.
Definitions Rigid Motions Partitions of Sets Hausdorff Paradox Piecewise Congruence
Partition of Sets A partition of a set X is a family of sets whose union is X and any two members of which are identical or disjoint.
Schröder-Bernstein Theorem Theorem: If |A| ≤ |B| and |B| ≤ |A|, then |A| = |B|.
Cardinality Questions that need to be answered: • What is cardinality of sets? • How do you compare cardinalities of different sets?
Cardinality Definition: Number of elements in a set. Relationship between two cardinalities determined by: existence of an injection function existence of a bijection function
Cardinality Bijection function • One-to-one • Onto
Cardinality Bijection function • One-to-one • Onto Injection function • One-to-one
Cardinality Comparing cardinalities of two finite sets • Both cardinalities are integers • If integers are = • Bijection exists • If integers are • No Bijection exists • Injection exists
Cardinality Comparing cardinalities of two infinite sets • Cardinality = • Cardinality
Cardinality Comparing cardinalities of two infinite sets • Cardinality = • Cardinality • Not always clear • Z • Z • Bijection function
Cardinality • Comparing cardinalities of a finite and an infinite • Infinite cardinality > finite cardinality
Schröder-Bernstein Theorem Four cases for sets A & B • Case I: A finite & B finite • Case II: A infinite & B infinite • Case III: A finite & B infinite • Case IV: A infinite & B finite Schröder-Bernstein Theorem: If |A| ≤ |B| and |B| ≤ |A|, then |A| = |B|
Schröder-Bernstein Theorem Four cases for sets A & B • Case I: A finite & B finite • Case II: A infinite & B infinite • Case III: A finite & B infinite • Case IV: A infinite & B finite Schröder-Bernstein Theorem: If |A| ≤ |B| and |B| ≤ |A|, then |A| = |B|
Schröder-Bernstein Theorem Two cases for sets A & B • Case I: A finite & B finite • Case II: A infinite & B infinite Schröder-Bernstein Theorem: If |A| ≤ |B| and |B| ≤ |A|, then |A| = |B|
Schröder-Bernstein Theorem Case I: A finite & B finite • |A| & |B| are integers • Let |A| = r, |B| = s • Given conditions |A| ≤ |B| & |B| ≤ |A|, • Given conditions r ≤ s & s ≤ r , then r = s • |A| = |B| Schröder-Bernstein Theorem : If |A| ≤ |B| and |B| ≤ |A|, then |A| = |B|
Schröder-Bernstein Theorem Case II: A infinite & B infinite First condition Schröder-Bernstein Theorem: • If |A| ≤ |B| and |B| ≤ |A|, then |A| = |B| • Injection function f from A into a subset of B,
Schröder-Bernstein Theorem Case II: A infinite & B infinite Second condition Schröder-Bernstein Theorem: • If |A| ≤ |B| and |B| ≤ |A|, then |A| = |B| • Injection function g from B to a subset of A,
Case II: A infinite & B infinite Result Schröder-Bernstein Theorem: • If |A| ≤ |B| and |B| ≤ |A|, then |A| = |B| • Bijection function h between A and B
Schröder-Bernstein Theorem Case II: A infinite & B infinite To get resulting bijection function h: • Combine the two given conditions • Remove some of the mappings of g • Reverse some of the mappings of g
Schröder-Bernstein Theorem Resulting bijection function h • |A| = |B|
The Axiom of Choice For every collection A of nonempty sets there is a function f such that, for every B in A, f(B) B. Such a function is called a choice function for A.
Questions That Surround the Axiom of Choice Can It Be Derived From Other Axioms? Is It Consistent With Other Axioms? Should We Accept It As an Axiom?
The First Six Axioms Axiom 1 Two sets are equal if they contain the same members. Axiom 2 For any two different objects a, b there exists the set {a,b} which contains just a and b. Axiom 3 For a set s and a “definite” predicate P, there exists the set Sp which contains just those x in s which satisfy P. Axiom 4 For any set s, there exists the union of the members of s-that is, the set containing just the members of the members of s. Axiom 5 For any set s, there exists the power set of s-that is, the set whose members are just all the subsets of s. Axiom 6 There exists a set Z with the properties (a) is in Z and (b) if x is in Z, the {x} is in Z.
Major schools of thought concerning the use of the Axiom of Choice Accept it as an axiom and use it without hesitation. Accept it as an axiom but use it only when you can not find a proof without it. Axiom of Choice is unacceptable.
Three major views are: • Platonism • Constructionism • Formalism
Platonism: A Platonist believes that mathematical objects exist independent of the human mind and a mathematical statement, such as the Axiom of Choice is objectively true or false.
Constructivism: A Constructivist believes that the only acceptable mathematical objects are ones that can be constructed by the human mind, and the only acceptable proofs are constructive proofs
Formalism: A Formalist believes that mathematics is strictly symbol manipulation and any consistent theory is reasonable to study.
Against: Its not as simple, aesthetically pleasing, and intuitive as the other axioms. With it you can derive non-intuitive results such as the Banach-Tarski Paradox. It is nonconstructive
For: Every vector space has a basis Tricotomy of Cardinals: For any cardinals k and l, either k<1 or k=1 or k>1. The union of countably many countable sets is countable. Every infinite set has a denumerable subset.
