Business Plug-In B3

1. Business Plug-In B3 Hardware and Software

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES • Describe the six major categories of hardware and provide an example of each • Identify the different computer categories and explain their potential business uses • Explain the difference between primary and secondary storage

3. LEARNING OUTCOMES • List the common input, output, storage, and communication devices • Describe the eight categories of computers by size • Define the relationship between operating system software and utility software

4. INTRODUCTION • Information technology (IT) - any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization • Hardware - consists of the physical devices associated with a computer system • Software - the set of instructions that the hardware executes to carry out specific tasks

5. Hardware Basics • Computer -an electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept, manipulate, and store data • Hardware components • Central processing unit (CPU) • Primary storage • Secondary storage • Input device • Output device • Communication device

6. Hardware Basics

7. Hardware Components CPU INPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE BUSES OUTPUT DEVICES COMMUNICATION DEVICES PRIMARY STORAGE • ALU • Control Unit • Hard drive • Floppy disks • Optical disks • Magnetic tape • Keyboard • Mouse • Touch Screen • Printers • Plotters • Audio • Terminals • Modems • Network Interface cards (NIC) • RAM • ROM • Cache • Registers

8. How Computers Represent Data • BIT (Binary Digit) • Smallest unit of data • One of two states, represented by 0 or 1 • Everything – pictures, words, songs, movies – stored as a series of 0s and 1s in the computer • BYTE: • String of 8 bits, representing one character • Maximum of 256 different characters • ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( 8 bits per byte)

9. How Computers Represent Data 0 or 1 One bit (Most) Characters are represented by one byte The word, CANADA, is represented by six bytes: ASCII character set

10. Central Processing Unit (Brain) • Central processing unit (CPU) (or microprocessor) - the actual hardware that interprets and executes the program (software) instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together • CPU has 2 parts: • Control unit -interprets software instructions and literally tells the other hardware devices what to do, based on the software instructions • Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) -performs all arithmetic operations (for example, addition and subtraction) and all logic operations (such as sorting and comparing numbers)

11. Central Processing Unit • The number of CPU cycles per second determines the speed of a CPU – or CPU clock speed • Megahertz (MHz) - the number of millions of CPU cycles per second • Gigahertz (GHz) - the number of billions of CPU cycles per second

12. The CPU and Primary Storage • CPU: Central Processing Unit • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): performs principal logic and arithmetic • Control unit: controls and coordinates other parts of the computer system • Primary Storage • Data and program instructions stored temporarily during processing

13. Linking Components • Motherboard • Physical platform that contains circuitry and components • Components (e.g. hard drive, cards) are connected via expansion slots • Bus • Connects the microprocessor (CPU) with attachments to the motherboard • Three types of busses: data, address & control bus • Data: moves data to from primary storage • Address: determines which addresses in primary storage should be used to temporarily store required data/instructions • Control: moves data to from input/output devices and secondary storage

14. Microprocessors (CPU) MICROPROCESSOR: A semiconductor chip that integrates memory, logic & control for an entire CPU on a single chip Speed and performance factors • Word length (bits the computer can process at one time) • Clock speed (tempo of the processor) • Data bus width (bits that can be moved at one time between the CPU, primary storage & other devices)- • IN a 32-bit CPU, a word is 32 bits (4 bytes). • The size of a bus, known as its width, is important because it determines how much data can be transmitted at one time. For example, a 16-bit bus can transmit 16 bits of data, whereas a 32-bit bus can transmit 32 bits of data. • Chip line width: the distance between transistors on a chip.

15. Central Processing Unit • Binarydigit (bit) -the smallest unit of information that a computer can process • Byte - a group of eight bits representing one natural language character • CPU speed factors: • Clock speed • Word length • A word is simply a fixed-sized group of bits that are handled together by the system; word lengths are typically 16, 32, or 64 bits • Bus width- The wider the bus, the more information can flow over the channel • Chip line width: the distance between transistors on a chip.

16. Microprocessors

17. Video • How is a microprocessor is made.

18. Microprocessor Examples

19. Primary Storage • Primary storage - the computer’s main memory, which consists of the random access memory (RAM), cache memory, and the read-only memory (ROM) that is directly accessible to the CPU

20. Primary Memory & Semiconductors • Primary Memory comprised of semiconductor chips • An integrated circuit with many transistors on a silicon chip • Types of semiconductor storage • RAM – short-term, volatile • ROM – read only, contain program instructions (e.g., how ALU will perform certain calculations)

21. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) • Random access memory (RAM) - the computer’s primary working memory, in which program instructions and data are stored so that they can be accessed directly by the CPU via the processor’s high-speed external data bus • Volatility • Cache memory – an ultra-fast internal CPU memory to store recently accesses or frequently accesses data.

22. READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) • Read-only memory (ROM) -the portion of a computer’s primary storage that does not lose its contents when one switches off the power • Flash memory • Memory card • Memory stick

23. RAM ROM

24. Size in the Digital World * Actually 1024 bytes – base 2, not base 10

25. Measure of Memory

26. Secondary Storage • Secondary storage - consists of equipment designed to store large volumes of data for long-term storage • Megabyte (MB or M or Meg) - roughly 1 million bytes • Gigabyte (GB) -roughly 1 billion bytes • Terabyte (TB) - roughly 1 trillion bytes

27. Magnetic Medium • Magnetic medium - a secondary storage medium that uses magnetic techniques to store and retrieve data on disks or tapes coated with magnetically sensitive materials • Magnetic tape -an older secondary storage medium that uses a strip of thin plastic coated with a magnetically sensitive recording medium • Hard drive -a secondary storage medium that uses several rigid disks coated with a magnetically sensitive material and housed together with the recording heads in a hermetically sealed mechanism

28. Optical Medium • Optical medium types include: • Compact disk-read-only memory (CD-ROM) • Compact disk-read-write (CD-RW) drive • Digital video disk (DVD) • DVD-ROM drive • Digital video disk-read/write (DVD-RW)

29. INPUT DEVICES • Input device - equipment used to capture information and commands • Manual input device • Joystick • Keyboard • Microphone • Automated input device • Bar code scanner • Digital camera • Magnetic ink character reader

30. OUTPUT DEVICE • Output device -equipment used to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of information processing requests • Cathode-ray tube (CRT) • Liquid crystal display (LCD) • Laser printer • Ink-jet printer • Plotter

31. Communication Device • Communication device -equipment used to send information and receive it from one location to another • Dial-up access • Cable • Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) • Wireless • Satellite

32. Computer Categories • For the past 20 years, federally funded supercomputing research has given birth to some of the computer industry’s most significant technology breakthroughs including: • Clustering • Parallel processing • Mosaic browser

33. Categories of Computers • Personal Computer (PC) • Desktop microcomputer • Laptop Computers: notebook computers, portable • Workstations • Desktop with powerful mathematical & graphics engines • e.g. Sun MicroSystems • Midrange Computer • Mid-sized computer, size of an office desk • Can support small organization or manage networks • Minicomputers ( used in universities, factories, servers) • example: IBM eServer iSeries

34. Categories of Computers (continued) • Mainframe • Large computer • Used for scientific, military and large business applications • Supercomputer • Fastest and most powerful computer class • Experimental – product showcases • Top 500 supercomputers • Server Farms • Groups of servers maintained by commercial vendors • Often made available to subscribers for electronic commerce requiring heavy use of servers

35. Computer Categories • Computer categories include: • Personal digital assistant (PDA) • Laptop • Tablet • Desktop • Workstation • Minicomputer • Mainframe computer • Supercomputer

36. Software Basics • System software -controls how the various technology tools work together along with the application software • Operating system software • Utility software • Application software

37. Utility Software • Types of utility software • Crash-proof • Disk image • Disk optimization • Encrypt data • File and data recovery • Text protect • Preventative security • Spyware • Uninstaller

38. Application Software • Types of application software • Bowser • Communication • Data management • Desktop publishing • E-mail • Groupware • Presentation graphics • Programming • Spreadsheet • Word processing

39. Closing Case OneChanging Circuits at Circuit City • Circuit City was doing so well in the 1990s that business consultant Jim Collins, in his best seller Good to Great, wrote: “From 1982 to 1999, Circuit City generated cumulative stock returns 22 times better than the market, handily beating Intel, Wal-Mart, GE, Hewlett-Packard and Coca-Cola” • Today, Circuit City is in a markedly different position

40. Closing Case One Questions • How would anticipating Best Buy’s growth have helped Circuit City remain as an industry leader? • Why is keeping up with technology critical to a global company such as Circuit City? • Highlight some of the potential risks facing Circuit City’s new business model • Why is Circuit City benefiting from implementing strategic product placement techniques?

41. Closing Case TwoElectronic Breaking Points • What happens when someone accidentally spills a cup of hot coffee on a laptop, puts a USB memory key in a washing machine, or drops an iPod in the sand? • How much abuse can electronic products take and keep on working? • PC World tested several products to determine their breaking points

42. Closing Case Two Questions • Identify six hardware categories and place each product listed in the case in its appropriate category • Describe the CPU and identify which products would use a CPU • Describe the relationship between memory sticks and laptops. How can a user employ one to help protect information loss from the other? • Identify the different types of software each of the products listed in the case might use