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Psychopathology: Scientific study of mental disorders

Psychopathology: Scientific study of mental disorders. EQ: What are some of the mental disorders that are common to our population?. “ To study the abnormal is the best way of knowing the normal ” W. James. Causes. Need to understand their genetic, biological, psychological, and social causes

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Psychopathology: Scientific study of mental disorders

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  1. Psychopathology: Scientific study of mental disorders EQ: What are some of the mental disorders that are common to our population? “To study the abnormal is the best way of knowing the normal”W. James

  2. Causes • Need to understand their genetic, biological, psychological, and social causes • ‘Psyche’ means soul

  3. Four Ds • Deviance: thoughts, behaviors, and emotions are unacceptable or common in society • Distress: negative feelings by individual • Dysfunction: impairs individual’s ability to perform normal daily functions • Danger: violent behaviors directed at the individual or at others

  4. Historical Roots • Caused by evil spirits… • Need an opening to escape • Witchcraft, demonic possession, full moon, supernatural forces… • Exorcism, torture, primitive surgery, bloodletting, bitter poisons, starvation, noise-making • Today: Medical perspective & Psychological perspective

  5. Debate • Biological conditions vs. • Past & present life experiences (natural disasters to abuse, divorce, illness, etc.) • Psychoanalytic • Parental influences, unconscious, defense mechanisms • Behaviorial & CB • Reward, punishment… perceptions, expectations, beliefs • AND… • Diathesis-Stress Model

  6. Length of stay 7-52 days! • No one detected • EXCEPT… Situation??? • Diagnoses are often not reliable or useful • Sane needlessly stigmatized / feigned insanity excused

  7. Detailed Examples • Anxiety- OCD • Somatoform-Hypochondriasis • Dissociative-DID • Mood-Depression • Schizophrenic-Schizophrenia • Personality- borderline, antisocial

  8. 1. OCD Recurrent, intrusive, unwanted thoughts and compulsive actions • One boy washed hands so much they became raw & bloodied • One boy ran up and down the stairs 63 times/ day • Woman determined to keep eyebrows symmetric, plucked them all out • Woman spent 8hrs/ day bathing • Man couldn’t leave subway without picking up all litter • Man’s apartment stacked to ceiling with dishes, dirty clothes, collected objects he couldn’t throw away • MENTALLY NEUTRALIZE unacceptable thoughts and behaviors • Treatment: “refocusing” to “unlock” the area stuck in its pattern. Label & refocus to constructive activity

  9. Obsessions & Compulsions Dirt, germs, contamination 55% Aggressive impulses 50% Need for symmetry 37% Bodily concerns 35% Forbidden sexual impulses 32% Checking 79% Washing 58% Counting 21%

  10. 2. Hypochondria Guess who? • Complained of dizzy spells, numbness in fingertips, nausea, indigestion, chest pains, and other assorted ailments… • Chronic, unwarranted preoccupation w/ one’s physical health. Highly sensitive to NORMAL bodily sensations “The whole day was planned out to suit him, to be ready for reading aloud to him, to go on his walks with him, and to be constantly at hand to alleviate his daily discomforts”

  11. 3. Dissociative Identity Disorder • Learn to cope with trauma by mentally divorcing part of self from pain & suffering • Construct alternative identities in which to live • 9X more prevalent in women • 88% victims of sexual abuse • Ea. May have own voice, speech pattern, habits, memories, sexual orientation, clothing, handwriting, brain-wave, BP, eyeglass prescription, rxns…

  12. 4. Depression: “The common cold” • Universal; 2x women; 12-21% will experience • Emotional, Cognitive, Motivational and Somatic symptoms without discernible cause, >2 wks • Profound sadness • Diminished interest in food, sex, social banter • Intense worthlessness, guilt, self-blame • Restlessness, agitation • Depleted energy • Recurring thoughts of suicide & death

  13. 5. Schizophrenia • A brain disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally • Note“Split mind” = split between thoughts, perceptions, behaviors, emotions and other brain functions (NOT Selves) • Simulator

  14. Schizophrenia Simulator • Solve these problems and then try again with the simulator: • (4+7-3) x 2= • 55 + 4= • 14 +34 = • 70-36= • 5 x 6= • 36 x 100=

  15. SchizophreniaSimulator • Solve these problems and then try again with the simulator: (Now with the simulator • 3 x 40= • 22 x 2 = • (4-3 +5) x 2= • 14/2 = • 395 – 15= • (12/3) / 2=

  16. “I felt like I was the only sane person in a world gone crazy” • Incoherent thinking/ word salad • Delusions- “influence”- thoughts being broadcast in public, stolen, controlled; also reference, persecution, grandeur. • Hallucinations- sensations w/out stimulation (e.g. Son of Sam’s barking dog) • Disturbance of affect- flattened/ inappropriate • Bizarre behavior- withdrawal, exile, self-talk, statue poses, backwards, circles, lack self-insight

  17. Next time: treatment

  18. Reactions of People with Social Phobias I • Social Phobia • An intense fear of situations that invite public scrutiny • Socially phobic and non-phobic adults prepared a speech. • Both groups showed increased heart rate in anticipation of the speech.

  19. Anxiety Disorders Reactions of People with Social Phobias II • However, only those with social phobia reported feeling more anxious.

  20. Left Side Activity Research of the chrome book Anxiety- OCD Somatoform-Hypochondriasis Dissociative-DID Mood-Depression Schizophrenic-Schizophrenia Write 2-3 sentences on each disorder explaining some of the causes and symptoms

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