Chapter 13: The Expansion of American Industry

1. Chapter 13: The Expansion of American Industry

2. Section 1: A Technological Revolutionhttp://172.17.0.9/?a=24371&ch=1

3. 3 Minute madness • Imagine how many times a day you use your phone. List approximately how many times a day you use it and the types of calls that you make. • If you lived before the telephone was invented, how do you think you would have communicated with other people? How would your life be different without a phone?

4. Setting the Scene • Turn to page 456 and follow along as we read about Samuel Morse and his telegraph.

5. Essential Question How and why did people’s daily lives change in the decades following the Civil War?

6. Life in the 1860s No indoor electric lights No refrigeration In 1860, most mail from the East Coast took ten days to reach the Midwest and three weeks to get to the West Coast. A letter from Europe to a person on the frontier could take several months to reach its destination. Changes in Daily Life Life in the 1900s • Between 1860 and 1890 the government issued almost 500,000 patents–licenses • Power stations across the country provided electricity for lamps, fans, printing presses, and many other appliances. • By 1900, there were 1.5 million telephones in use all over the country

7. A Technological Revolution

8. New Inventions • http://172.17.0.9/?a=24371&ch=3

9. Edwin L. Drake Struck oil in Pennsylvania in 1859. New uses for oil grew rapidly. Oil refineries sprang up around the country as oil became a big business. Thomas A. Edison An inventor from New Jersey who experimented with electric light. Developed a workable filament for the light bulb and the idea of a central power station to make electric power widely available. Lewis Latimer Worked in Edison’s lab and patented an improved method for producing the filament in light bulbs George Westinghouse Experimented with a form of electricity called alternating current, which was less expensive and more practical than direct current, which Edison had used. By using a transformer, he improved the capabilities of power stations to make home use of electricity more practical. People develop new forms of Energy

10. The Railroads • On May 10, 1869, the transcontinental railroad, extending from coast to coast, was finished with the hammering of a golden spike at Promontory Point, Utah. • led to the development of many towns throughout the western part of the United States. • Before railroads, each town kept its own time, based on the position of the sun. In 1883, the railroads adopted a national system of time zones to improve scheduling, with four different time zones, eastern, central, mountain, and pacific. As a result, the clocks in broad regions of the country showed the same time, a system we still use today.

11. Railroads • http://172.17.0.9/?a=24371&ch=2

12. Railroads and Industry • Played a key role in revolutionizing business and industry in the United States in several key ways. • They provided a faster, more practical means of transporting goods. • They lowered the costs of production. • They created national markets. • They provided a model for big business. • They encouraged innovation in other industries.

13. Bessemer Process • In 1856, Henry Bessemer received the first patent for the Bessemer process, which made steel production easier and less expensive. • The Bessemer process made possible the mass production, or production in great amounts, of steel. • As a result, a new age of building began. The Brooklyn Bridge, designed with steel cables suspended from high towers, was one important project that was made possible by the mass production of steel.

14. The Brooklyn Bridge: A Symbol of American Success • http://172.17.0.9/?a=36341&ch=1

15. The Growth of Big Business • Chapter 13 Section 2 • Pages 467 - 472

16. 3 Minute Madness • Write down what you think is the difference between a “mom and pop” business and a “big business”. • Why do you think this time period (1860-1900) saw the birth and rapid growth of many different types of big businesses?

17. Setting the Scene • Open your books to page 467 and meet Andrew Carnegie, one of the most successful business leaders of American history.

18. Essential Question • Why were American industrialists of the late 1800’s called both “robber barons” and “captains of industry”?

19. Andrew CarnegieRobber Baron or Captain of Industry? • http://172.17.0.9/?a=49531&ch=4

20. The Story of Oil: John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil CompanyRobber Baron or Captain of Industry? • http://172.17.0.9/?a=75385&ch=2

21. Features Causes Effects Growth of Big Business Methods Government Relations

22. CAUSES • Technological boom • Heavy Investment in technology • Railroads encouraged the • expansion of big business • Social Darwinism helped create • favorable public opinion

23. Features • Large pools of capitals, large scale • of business operations • Wider geographic span • Revised role of ownership, many • owners, “professional managers” • New administrative techniques • Oligopolistic • Economies of scale • Robber barons vs. captains of industry

24. Effects • Raised standard of living in the United States • Opened up many jobs for immigrants and failed farmers • Business cycles, including economic booms and downturns • The United States became an industrial power, • bringing new strengths and new challenges

25. Government Relations • Friendly to big business • Minimal interference in business practices • Sherman Antitrust Act passed in 1890; • used against labor unions, not big business

26. Methods • Vertical consolidation • (Carnegie Steel) • Horizontal consolidation • (Standard Oil) • Formation of Trusts • Economies of Scale • Movement toward monopolistic • control of their industry

27. Industrialization and Workers • Chapter 13 Section 3 • Pages 473-476

28. 3 Minute Madness • Look at the tags in the articles of clothing that you are wearing today (shirts, shoes, book bags, etc.). Make a list of the countries where these items were made.

29. Essential Question • What were the positive and negative effects of industrialization?

30. Setting the Scene • Turn to page 473 and meet 13 year old Sadie Frowne, a polish immigrant from Poland.

32. Read • Read page 476 – Working Families and answer the following questions: • Why was it necessary for entire families to work? • By the end of the 1800’s, how many children were working? • Why did children work? Look at the photos on page 476- How do you think Americans at the time reacted to photos such as these?

33. The Darker Side of Progress: Poor Working Conditions in Factories • http://172.17.0.9/?a=35984&ch=4

34. The Great Strikes • Chapter 13 Section 4 • Pages 477 - 483

35. 3 Minute Madness • Working with a partner, choose the ways people would react to the following situation: • Restaurant workers are told than unless they agree to work four additional evening hours each week for no extra pay, they will be fired.

36. Essential Question • What were the successes and failures of labor unions?

37. Setting the Scene • Open your books to page 477 and hear what Samuel Gompers has to say about workers and their poor working conditions.

39. Homestead Strike • http://172.17.0.9/?a=49531&ch=6

40. Current Strikes • http://www.nydailynews.com/topics/Labor+Strikes+and+Disputes