Co-chairs: Sebastian Schaffert (Salzburg Research, Austria), Max Völkel (FZI Karlsruhe)

1. Semantic Wikis: The Wiki Way to the Semantic Web? Semantic Wiki Mini-Series1st session: A Survey of the Landscape and State-of-Art in Semantic Wiki Co-chairs: Sebastian Schaffert (Salzburg Research, Austria),Max Völkel (FZI Karlsruhe) 2008-10-23

2. Agenda Introduction History State of the Art Trends

3. Introduction Introduction

4. Introduction Introduction: Semantic Wikis • wiki principles • metaweb • two perspectives on Semantic Wikis • characteristics of Semantic Wikis • example

5. Introduction Wiki Principles wikis allow anyone to edit wikis are easy to use and do not require additional software wiki content is easy to link wikis support versioning of all changes wikis support all media

6. Introduction Nova Spivack: Metaweb Semantic Wikis

7. Introduction Two Perspectives on Semantic Wikis • Wikis for Metadata • Metadata for Wikis no clear separation, but tendencies!

8. Introduction Wikis for Metadata • creating metadata on the Semantic Web is difficult! • requires domain knowledge • requires knowledge engineering skills • complicated, insufficient tools • Wikis for metadata: • simplified technological access to the creation of metadata • collaboration of domain experts and knowledge engineers • dynamically evolving knowledge networks and knowledge models

9. Introduction Metadata for Wikis • Wikis • huge amounts of digital content (e.g. Wikipedia) • strong connection of content via hyperlinks • problem: structure exists, but is only used for presentation and not accessible by computers • finding relevant content is increasingly difficult • integration and exchange between different systems is difficult

10. Introduction Semantic Wikis • annotation of existing structures with machine readable metadatalinks carry meaning, typing of links, typing of pages • context dependent adaptation and presentationdifferent domains have different ways of presenting content, personal preferences, etc. • improved, „intelligent“, search and navigationqueries to the structure, visualisation of structure, derived information • improved interoperability between systemsexchange of content, integration of different systems, agents, etc

11. Introduction Semantic Wikis: Example

12. History History

13. History 1995: The First Wiki • Wiki • First developed by Ward Cunningham as an add-on to the Portland Pattern Repository on 1995.03.25 • http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiDesignPrinciples our interpretation • Incremental - Pages can cite other pages, including pages that have not been written yet.  network of pages • Organic - The structure and text content of the site is open to editing and evolution.  different from classical content management systems • Universal - The mechanisms of editing and organizing are the same as those of writing so that any writer is automatically an editor and organizer.  integrated creation and organization of content • Unified - Page names will be drawn from a flat space so that no additional context is required to interpret them.  humans can remember names • Precise - Pages will be titled with sufficient precision to avoid most name clashes, typically by forming noun phrases.  names are quasi-unique • Tolerant - Interpretable (even if undesirable) behavior is preferred to error messages.  usability: novice users have less fear to start using it • Observable - Activity within the site can be watched and reviewed by any other visitor to the site.  exchange of meta-information • Convergent - Duplication can be discouraged or removed by finding and citing similar or related content. 

14. History 2004/2005: First Semantic Wikis • Platypus Wikifrom Stefano Campanini, Paolo Castagna, Roberto Tazzoli presented at ISWC2004 • WikSARfrom David Aumüller wins best Demo award at ESWC2005

15. History 2005: Wikipedia became popular Comparing search volume on Google Trends on 2008-10-22

16. History 2006: Wikis became popular Comparing search volume on Google Trends on 2008-10-22

17. History 2006: Semantic Wikis followed the trend Wiki Ontology Semantic web Semantic wiki Web Search Volume, Worldwide, 2004 – 2008-10-22, /!\ Scales are different between diagrams!

18. History 2006: Semantic Wiki as a research topic • 2005: [swikig] mailing list launched • 2006: First Workshop on Semantic Wikis: From Wiki to Semantics [SemWiki2006] at ESWC2006, Budva, Montenrego • 2006: Second Workshop on Semantic Wikis: Wiki-based Knowledge-Engineering [WibKe2006] at WikiSym 2006 in Odense, Denmark • 2008: Third Workshop on Semantic Wikis: The Wiki Way of Semantics [SemWiki2008] at ESWC2008, Tenerife http://semwiki.org

19. State of the Art State of the Art

20. State of the Art What is a Semantic Wiki? I/II • Semantic Wikis* try to combine the strengths of • Semantic Web • machine processable, • data integration • complex queries • Wiki • easy to use and contribute, • strongly interconnected, • collaborative. • Emergence of Semantic Wikis from to sources: • A) Semantic technologies for wikis („ST4W“) • i.e. better navigation, better queries • Most semantic wiki engines are here • B) Wikis for semantic technologies („W4ST“) • i.e. Ontology engineering, ontology learning • E.g. Many papers on mining wikipedia * http://Semwiki.org, Schaffert & Völkel, 2006

21. State of the Art What is a Semantic Wiki? II/II • A Semantic Wiki is like the Semantic Web in a Petri dish • Many terms emerge – how to consilidate the vocabulary? • Many people work together – how to achieve consensus? • Queries over multiple resources • Import of semantic web data • Export to other semantic web tools • Versioning • Access rights • Trust • ...

22. State of the Art Semantic Wiki Engines • AceWiki – controlled english • Artificial Memory – personal knowledge management • BOWiki – biomedical domain • Confluence Plugins (Metadata, Scaffolding) - commercial • Hypertext Knowledge Workbench – personal knowledge management • IkeWiki • SWiM - offshoot of IkeWiki • KiWI – successor in scope of KiWi project • OntoWiki – free-form database • OpenRecord – free-form database • SweetWiki – semantic tagging • Semantic MediaWiki (MediaWiki extension) – Semantic Wikipedia • HaloExtension – extension of Semantic MediaWiki, browsing & refactoring • Semantic Forms – free-form database • ... Many more Semantic MediaWiki extensions • SWOOKI – a peer-to-peer based SemWiki http://semanticweb.org/wiki/Semantic_Wiki_State_Of_The_Art

23. State of the Art SemWiki2006 Results • How is metadata created? • Incentives for creating formal data • Low in semantic web, higher in semantic wikis with direct benefit • Page vs. Concept • How is metadata used? • Trust - Can trustworthiness of article content be determined from the article metadata? • Navigation - alternative views on the data • Search … • Automated content generation including reasoning • Ontology engineering • Why/for what are Semantic Wikis used? • Like normal wikis, but more sophisticated, doing everything better • Integration • Integartion of structured text and RDF world still unsolved • No common wiki metadata ontology

24. State of the Art Alexandre Passant and Philippe Laublet. Towards an Interlinked Semantic Wiki Farm Christoph Lange. Mathematical Semantic Markup in a Wiki: The Roles of Symbols and Notations Max Völkel. Hypertext Knowledge Workbench Andrea Bonomi, Alessandro Mosca, Matteo Palmonari and Giuseppe Vizzari. Integrating a Wiki in an Ontology Driven Web Site: Approach, Architecture and Application in the Archaeological Domain Jochen Reutelshoefer, Joachim Baumeister and Frank Puppe. Ad-Hoc Knowledge Engineering with Semantic Knowledge Wikis Christoph Lange, Sean McLaughlin and Florian Rabe. Flyspeck in a Semantic Wiki Cezary Kaliszyk, Pierre Corbineau, Freek Wiedijk, James McKinna and Herman Geuvers. A real Semantic Web for mathematics deserves a real semantics Florian Schmedding, Christoph Hanke and Thomas Hornung. RDF Authoring in Wikis Axel Rauschmayer. Next-Generation Wikis: What Users Expect; How RDF Helps Malte Kiesel, Sven Schwarz, Ludger van Elst and Georg Buscher. Using Attention and Context Information for Annotations in a Semantic Wiki Karsten Dello, Lyndon Nixon and Robert Tolksdorf. Extending the Makna Semantic Wiki to support workflows Tobias Kuhn. AceWiki: Collaborative Ontology Management in Controlled Natural Language Sau Dan Lee, Patrick Yee, Thomas Lee, David Cheung and Wenjun Yuan. Descriptive Schema: Semantics-based Query Answering Markus Luczak-Rösch and Ralf Heese. A Generic Corporate Ontology Lifecycle Charbel Rahhal, Hala Skaf-Molli and Pascal Molli. SWOOKI: A Peer-to-peer Semantic Wiki Gero Scholz. Semantic MediaWiki with Property Clusters Joshua Bacher, Robert Hoehndorf and Janet Kelso. BOWiki: ontology-based semantic wiki with ABox reasoning SemWiki2008 • More application oriented than 2006

25. Trends Semantic Wikis: Trends

26. Trends Semantic Wikis: Trends Application Areaswhat kinds of application areas can be addressed by Semantic Wikis? Platformwhat kinds of software will Semantic Wikis develop into? Technologywhat kinds of technological development/improvements will Semantic Wikis see?

27. Trends Application Areas

28. Trends Application Areas Knowledge Management Semantic Wikipedia / Semantic Encyclopaedia eLearning Ontology Engineering

29. Trends Knowledge Management for me: primary application area from “knowledge is power” to “sharing is power” supporting the user by semantic technologies

30. Trends Knowledge Management: Examples connect software documentation (design documents, code documentation) about components with relevant bug reports and present developer a summary view of his tasks allow project managers in consultancies to share project knowledge, e.g. “look for projects that are similar to mine” or “generate instances of all relevant QM process definitions for my project setup”

31. Trends Knowledge Management: Examples allow project managers to modify project workplan in different ways, e.g. as a table, as a Gantt diagram, … with direct connection to ERP system allow head of department to get a summary view over all projects

32. Trends Knowledge Management: Challenges different perspectives on same content integration with existing tools (and here the Semantic Web can help) requires heavy support for the user, e.g. extensive reasoning, calculation, … often very formal environments (contradiction with Wiki Philosophy)

33. Trends Semantic Wikipedia making the “wisdom of the crowds” in Wikipedia (and similar applications) accessible not restricted to Wikipedia, not even to Wikis as technology (see “platform” later)

34. Trends Semantic Wikipedia: Challenges requires high performance and scalability (i.e. little reasoning) community needs to be convinced to make use of semantic features (only if immediate benefit)

35. Trends Learning ePortfolio systems: collection of learning artefacts, reflection on learning collaborative story telling personal development planning and alignment with actual achievements

36. Trends Learning: Challenges requires functionalities current Wikis cannot provide, e.g. collaborative text writing require lots of metadata for planning

37. Trends Ontology Engineering make ontology development simpler allow knowledge workers and ontology engineers to collaborate in one system

38. Trends Ontology Engineering: Challenges allow different perspectives on same content (ontology engineer: ontology view, knowledge worker: domain specific view or wiki view) full support for ontologies and reasoning

39. Trends Platform

40. Trends Semantic Wiki Platform wiki as philosophy rather than technology: same principle holds for most other Web 2.0/Social Web applications breaking information and system boundaries: integrating information and giving different perspectives on the same information Semantic Wikis as generic platform for developing many different kinds of Social Web applications

41. Trends Wiki as Philosophy wikis allow anyone to edit wikis are easy to use and do not require additional software wiki content is easy to link wikis support versioning of all changes wikis support all media same holds for other social software applications!

42. Trends Breaking Information and System Boundaries integration of different kinds of content in one system (wiki text, photos, code, …) different perspectives on the same content (wiki, blog, social network, tagit, …) users edit the system behaviour, not only the content (e.g. widgets - zembly, custom layouts, declarative rules)

43. Trends Example: Wiki http://showcase.kiwi-project.eu

44. Trends Example: TagIT http://showcase.kiwi-project.eu

45. Trends Example: Blog no image (yet) but entries to wiki/tagit could also be displayed in blog style (ordered by creation time)!

46. Trends Example: Social Networking user information in the wiki could be used as basis for social networks (e.g. based on tags) information represented as foaf data (RDF) just another perspective on the same data!

47. Trends Example: Community Equity • Community Equity: valuation system for community content developed by Sun • content can be rated by users -> information equity • tags inherit information equity -> tag equity • users inherit information equity for their content -> contribution equity • users inherit tag equity for the tags of their content -> skills equity

48. Trends Technology

49. Trends Semantic Wikis as Testbed for the Semantic Web Semantic Wikis connect the real world with the Semantic Web Semantic Wikis are the “Semantic Web in Small”, because a Wiki is “Web in Small” Semantic Wikis share many common properties with the Semantic Web most technologies developed on the Semantic Web can be used and evaluated in Semantic Wikis (my challenge: if it is not useful in Semantic Wikis, it is not useful at all!)

50. Trends Challenge 1: Proof Benefit the Semantic Web and Semantic Wikis must show how they are beneficial to ordinary users