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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. The Science of Psychology. 1. What is Psychology ?. A. The Fields of Psychology Developmental Psychology Study of how people change over time Physiological Psychology Study of how biology controls behavior Experimental Psychology Perform experiments to study psychology.

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 • The Science of Psychology

  2. 1. What is Psychology? • A. The Fields of Psychology • Developmental Psychology • Study of how people change over time • Physiological Psychology • Study of how biology controls behavior • Experimental Psychology • Perform experiments to study psychology

  3. Personality Psychology • Study of how people differ from one another • Clinical and Counseling Psychology • Study and treatment of psychological disorders

  4. Social Psychology • Study of how people influence one another • Study of group behavior • Industrial and Organization (I/O) Psychology • Study of psychological principles in industry and business

  5. B. Enduring Issues • Person–Situation • Is behavior caused by factors inside the person or outside? Heredity–Environment

  6. Stability–Change • People remain unchanged vs. change • Diversity-Universality • How are we different vs. the same • Mind–Body • Relationship between experience and biological processes

  7. C. Psychology As Science • Scientific method • Other behavioral sciences • Sociology, anthropology • Political science, economics, history

  8. 2. The Growth of Psychology • A. The "New Psychology": A Science of the Mind • Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Bradford Titchener: • Structuralism • Basic units of experience • William James • Functionalism • Studied how we use perception to function in its environment.

  9. Sigmund Freud: Psychodynamic psychology • Individual unconscious factors • John B. Watson: Behaviorism • Studied only observable behaviors • B.F. Skinner: Behaviorism revisited • Expanded behaviorism

  10. B. Cognitive Revolution • The precursors: • Gestalt psychology • We perceive things as whole patterns • Humanistic psychology • Realizing full potential • The rise of cognitive psychology • Study of mental processes

  11. C. New Directions • Evolutionary psychology? • Adaptive value of behaviors and mental process • Positive psychology • Focusing on attitude • Multiple perspectives • No single right answer. • Where are the women? • Important contributions despite discrimination

  12. 3. Human Diversity • A. Gender • Psychological and social meanings attached to being biologically male or female • Gender stereotypes • Limited view of people based on gender • For example, “Only men can be police officers”

  13. Feminist psychology • Study of the psychology of women • Sexual orientation • Gender to which one is sexually attracted

  14. B. Race and Ethnicity • Racial and ethnic minorities in psychology • Race is subpopulation defined by identifiable characteristic • Ethnicity common cultural heritage; religion, language, ancestry • C. Culture • Tangible goods and values, attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs that are passed on from generation to generation

  15. 4. Research Methods in Psychology • A. Naturalistic Observation • Systematic observation in natural setting • B. Case Studies • Intensive description and analysis of one or several people • C. Surveys • Questionnaires or interviews

  16. D. Correlational Research • Research techniques based on the naturally occurring relationship between two or more variables. • Can make predictions • Math and English placement tests • SAT and school success • Job testing and success on the job

  17. E. Experimental Research • Subject or participants • Independent variable • Cause (what you are studying) • Dependent variable • Effect (result of experiment)

  18. Experimental group • Receive special treatment • Control group • Does not receive special treatment but is the same in every other way • Experimenter bias • Expectations by experimenter influence outcome also teachers

  19. F. Multimethod Research • Combining methods

  20. G. Importance of Sampling • Sample • Small representative subset • Random sample • Every subject had equal chance of being selected • Representative sample • Characteristics of participants correspond to larger population • H. Human Diversity and Research • Avoiding cultural bias

  21. 5. Ethics and Psychology • A. Ethics in Research on Humans • Informed of nature of research • Informed consent documented • Risks and limits on confidentiality explained • Alternative academic credit so truly free choice for students

  22. Deception cannot be used about aspects of research that would affect participant's willingness to participate • Deception about the goals of research used only when absolutely necessary • B. Ethics in Research on Nonhuman Animals

  23. 6. Careers in Psychology • A. Academic and Applied Psychology • Educational or research facilities • B. Clinical Settings • Therapy in hospitals and clinics

  24. C. Licenses • Psychologists - Ph.D, Psy.D. • Psychiatrists - M.D. • Psychoanalysts • Can be MD or PhD. • Additional specialized training • Social Workers (M.S.W.) - LSW • Marriage Family Therapists - M.A.

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