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1. A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Colombia, South America Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer Colciencias Technologies and Sciences Development Government Colombia Alejandro Carvajal Ruiz (Director of Engineering) Speaker for 33th IAHR Congress Translate Courtesyby Arturo Haro www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

2. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal A Brief History 1996 – Multi-Hydrometric Electronic Instrument (IMHE) development began. 1999 – COLCIENCIAS given financial resources by the Colombian Government. 1999 – COLCIENCIAS rewarded “Innovation Incentive” 2000 – IAHR 2000 (Argentina), accepted to present one of the first papers 2002 – Developed IDF Software, IMHE upgraded to software analysis. 2003 – IDF 1.0 version released 2009 – IDF 3.0 version released 1996 to 2009 – More than 30 international papers and articles published 1999 to 2009 – Award and Testimonials make our method and technology stronger www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

3. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Nine Years Ago … IAHR 2000 - Argentina IMHE as hardware tool for real time measurement plume of dye tracer www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

4. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Upgrade Tool for Outdoor Real Time Measurement IniridaDeep Flow (IDF) An alternative method for measuring rivers and open channel flows Current Meter Sample • “Practice makes Perfect” • 15 Years scientific development … • Theory to Practice = IDF Technology • Approach a good natural laboratory, Colombian rivers, with almost different topographic and conditions • Hundreds of rivers tested and compared with current meters and other accurate measurements systems for each case www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

5. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Real Time Outdoor Accuracy Measurements Left to Right Alfredo Constain, Alejandro Carvajal and Jairo Carvajal Three simultaneous equipments for repeatability and accuracy verification Sensors www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

6. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Real Time Outdoor Accuracy Measurements • Procedures before injection • Must be care taken exactly amount of Rhodamine WT • Cap the Sensor, protection www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

7. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Real Time Outdoor Accuracy Measurements 3.45 m3/s 115 m3/s 0.034 m3/s 0.0025 m3/s 0.043 m3/s www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

8. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal “Non Gaussian Curves, No Dead Zones” Alfredo Constain How Is This Possible? 1st – Change Concept Based on Classic Theory 2nd – Good Technology on Real Time www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

9. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Theory Base Water is Flow Water is Static Gaussian Curve www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

10. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Theory Base State of the art presents a lack of understanding of the true mechanism of plume formation, especially in an earlier stage called “convective period” It is supposed that neither Taylor´s differential equation nor Fick´s integral equation can be applied (Fisher, 1968)(French, 1986). First, to accomplish the mass balance Taylor´s equation …and … Second, to describe properly the Non-Fickian effect How to understand that Fick´s function (which is Taylor´s equation solution) cannot accomplish the asymmetry of real tracer curves? www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

11. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Theory Base Tracer curves are always Gaussian functions and then their asymmetry is a virtual effect It is interesting to analyze this possible solution in several ways, from another science fields as kinematics and thermodynamics www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

12. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Theory Base Starting from Galileo´s principle applied to plume dynamics Ux vs +Vdiff and -Vdiff Absolute motion process forbiddenby relativity principle Two different states of motion observers compose the velocities involved accordingly to Galileo´s rules An Eulerian observer fixed in the border of stream will compose the unidirectional velocity of flow, Ux, with two opposite diffusion velocities of tracer, +Vdiff and -Vdiff www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

13. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Theory Base Diffusion phenomenon is taken as Brownian (Random Walk) +Vdiff -Vdiff Define the velocity of diffusion in one axis as the following ratio of characteristic distance and time parameters where E is the longitudinal dispersion Coefficient www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

14. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Theory Base • This definition holds: • A modified Taylor´s mass balance equation (Constainet al, 2007) • Classical Fick´s equation when there is lateral diffusion • NON GUSSIAN MODEL Clear E and put it in the classical Fick´s equation www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

15. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Theory Base … vs Real Practice Red Curve, model shape by Blue Curve, Real data by Rhodamine WT tracer on river www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

16. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Classical Q Equation for Dye Tracers Discharge value accurately using conservation of mass law should be reached “Mixing length” condition previously Here, M is the tracer mass But current theory does not have a quick accurate way to know “Mixing length” condition www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

17. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Conditions • “Complete Mixing” • Verify Φ≈0.38 or less for condition • Verify modelation of experimental curves QIDF & Qclassic Convergence Results within each PH of the Water Rhodamine WT need the pH water in the range from 5 to 10. www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

18. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Classical Q by Dye Tracers www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

19. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal IDF Technology Pasto River Model Curve over Experimental Curve Filtering Tool Resuls “in situ” Critical Condition Pasto River www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

20. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal Other & IDF Software IMHE Hardware interface with Sensors IDF Software for PDA or PC Connect to IDF other Interfaces or equipments with RS232, USB, Bluetooth… etc and open data access in real time For example YSI 6XX Series www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009

21. Accurate Measurements of Discharge Using Rhodamine WT as Tracer A.J. Constain, J.Carvajal and A.Carvajal The Better of Science … Human Development! Thank You Very Much!!! Alejandro Carvajal Ruiz science@amazonastech.com Or visit us, www.amazonastech.com www.amazonastech.com/iahr2009