Saving and Investing

1. Saving and Investing

2. Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) • Like mutual funds, ETFs offer investors a way to pool their money in a fund that makes investments in stocks, bonds, or other assets and, in return, to receive an interest in that investment pool. • Unlike mutual funds, however, ETF shares are traded on a national stock exchange and at market prices that may or may not be the same as the net asset value (“NAV”) of the shares, that is, the value of the ETF’s assets minus its liabilities divided by the number of shares outstanding.

3. Things to Consider before Investing in ETFs • ETFs are not mutual funds. • Generally, ETFs combine features of a mutual fund, which can be purchased or redeemed at the end of each trading day at its NAV per share, with the intraday trading feature of a closed-end fund, whose shares trade throughout the trading day at market prices.

4. Investors purchase and sell ETF shares in market transactions at market prices. • An ETF’s market price typically will be more or less than the fund’s NAV per share. • This is because the ETF’s market price fluctuates during the trading day as a result of a variety of factors, including the underlying prices of the ETF’s assets and the demand for the ETF, while the ETF’s NAV is the value of the ETF’s assets minus its liabilities, as calculated by the ETF at the end of each business day.

5. Types of ETFs Index-Based ETFs • Most ETFs trading in the marketplace are index-based ETFs. These ETFs seek to track a securities index like the S&P 500 stock index and generally invest primarily in the component securities of the index. • For example, the SPDR, or “spider” ETF, which seeks to track the S&P 500 stock index, invests in most or all of the equity securities contained in the S&P 500 stock index. • Some, but not all, ETFs may post their holdings on their websites on a daily basis.

6. Actively Managed ETFs • Actively managed ETFs are not based on an index. Instead, they seek to achieve a stated investment objective by investing in a portfolio of stocks, bonds, and other assets. • Unlike with an index-based ETF, an adviser of an actively managed ETF may actively buy or sell components in the portfolio on a daily basis without regard to conformity with an index.

7. Final words • Before investing in an ETF, you should read both its summary prospectus and its full prospectus, which provide detailed information on the ETF’s investment objective, principal investment strategies, risks, costs, and historical performance (if any). • The SEC’s EDGAR system, as well as Internet search engines, can help you locate a specific ETF prospectus. • You can also find prospectuses on the websites of the financial firms that sponsor a particular ETF, as well as through your broker.

8. ETFs are a relatively new product that is an alternative to mutual funds. • ETFs can be bought and sold like a stock. • It's no different than buying or selling shares in GE or IBM. • But ETFs are designed to track the price of a designated index. Among the most popular indices are the Standard & Poor's 500, the Dow Jones Industrial average, and the Nasdaq-100

9. Links • http://www.marketplace.org/topics/your-money/benefits-etfs • http://www.marketplace.org/topics/business/whiteboard/what-heck-does-etf-stand-explainer • http://www.marketplace.org/topics/wealth-poverty/whiteboard/what-index-fund-explainer

10. Certificates of Deposit (CDs) What are certificates of deposit? • A certificate of deposit (CD) is a savings account that holds a fixed amount of money for a fixed period of time, such as six months, one year, or five years, and in exchange, the issuing bank pays interest. • When you cash in or redeem your CD, you receive the money you originally invested plus any interest.

11. Certificates of deposit are considered to be one of the safest savings options. • A CD bought through a federally insured bank is insured up to $250,000. • The $250,000 insurance covers all accounts in your name at the same bank, not each CD or account you have at the bank.

12. As with all investments, there are benefits and risks associated with CDs. • The disclosure statement should outline the interest rate on the CD and say if the rate is fixed or variable. • It also should state when the bank pays interest on the CD, for example, monthly or semi-annually, and whether the interest payment will be made by check or by an electronic transfer of funds.

13. The maturity date should be clearly stated, as should any penalties for the “early withdrawal” of the money in the CD. • The risk with CDs is the risk that inflation will grow faster than your money, and lower your real returns over time.

14. Link https://www.myoptimizerplus.com/banking/products/cd/index.htm

15. International Investing Two of the chief reasons why people invest internationally are: • Diversification. International investing may help U.S. investors to spread their investment risk to companies and markets that are outside of - and different than - the U.S. economy • Growth. International investing takes advantage of the potential for faster growth in markets outside the U.S., particularly in emerging markets.

16. But there are special risks of international investing, including: • Changes in currency exchange rates. • When the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the currency of an international investment changes, it can increase or reduce your investment return. • Dramatic changes in market value. • All markets, including those outside the U.S., can experience dramatic changes in value.

17. Political, economic, and social events. It is difficult for investors to understand all the political, economic, and social factors that influence markets, especially those abroad. • Lack of liquidity. Markets outside the U.S. may have lower trading volumes and fewer listed companies. They may only be open a few hours a day. Some countries restrict the amount or type of stocks that foreign investors may purchase.

18. Less information. Many companies outside the U.S. do not provide investors with the same type of information as U.S. public companies, and the information may not be available in English. • Foreign laws. If you have a problem with your investment, you may not be able to sue the company in the U.S. Even if you sue successfully in a U.S. court, you may not be able to collect on a U.S. judgment against a non-U.S. company.

19. How can I invest internationally? • American Depositary Receipts. The stocks of most non-U.S. companies that trade in the U.S. markets are traded as American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) issued by U.S. depositary banks. • Each ADR represents one share of stock in a company outside the U.S. If you own an ADR you have the right to obtain the stock it represents, but U.S. investors usually find it more convenient to own the ADR. • The price of an ADR corresponds to the price of the stock in its home market, adjusted for the ratio of ADRs to the company’s shares.

20. Mutual Funds. One way to invest internationally is through mutual funds. Mutual funds provide more diversification than most investors could achieve on their own. The fund will handle currency conversions and pay any foreign taxes, and is likely to understand the different operations of non-U.S. markets. There are different kinds of funds that invest internationally.

21. Global funds invest primarily in companies outside the U.S., but may also invest in U.S. companies with international operations. • International funds generally limit their investments to companies outside the U.S.

22. Regional or country funds invest principally in companies located in a particular geographical region, such as Asia or Europe, or in a single country. • Some funds invest only in emerging markets while others concentrate on developed markets. • International index funds try to track the results of a particular international market index. • Index funds differ from actively managed funds, whose managers pick stocks based on research about the companies.

23. Trading on Foreign Markets • If you want to buy or sell stock in a company that only trades outside the U.S., your broker may be able to process your order for you. • These companies do not file reports with the SEC, so you will need to rely on other sources of information to make an investment decision. • Always make sure any broker you deal with is registered with the SEC. • It is against the law for brokers outside the U.S. who are not registered with the SEC to call you and solicit your investment.

24. https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/vanguard-mutual-funds-list?assetclass=intlhttps://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/vanguard-mutual-funds-list?assetclass=intl

25. What are annuities? • An annuity is a contract between you and an insurance company that requires the insurer to make payments to you, either immediately or in the future. • You buy an annuity by making either a single payment or a series of payments. Similarly, your payout may come either as one lump-sum payment or as a series of payments over time.

26. Why do people buy annuities? People typically buy annuities to help manage their income in retirement. Annuities provide three things: • Periodic payments for a specific amount of time. This may be for the rest of your life, or the life of your spouse or another person. • Death benefits. If you die before you start receiving payments, the person you name as your beneficiary receives a specific payment. • Tax-deferred growth. You pay no taxes on the income and investment gains from your annuity until you withdraw the money.

27. What kinds of annuities are there? There are three basic types of annuities, fixed, variable and indexed. Here is how they work: • Fixed annuity. The insurance company promises you a minimum rate of interest and a fixed amount of periodic payments. Fixed annuities are regulated by state insurance commissioners. • Variable annuity. The insurance company allows you to direct your annuity payments to different investment options, usually mutual funds. Your payout will vary depending on how much you put in, the rate of return on your investments, and expenses. The SEC regulates variable annuities.

28. Indexed annuity. This annuity combines features of securities and insurance products. The insurance company credits you with a return that is based on a stock market index, such as the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index. Indexed annuities are regulated by state insurance commissioners.

29. What are the benefits and risks of variable annuities? Some people look to annuities to “insure” their retirement and to receive periodic payments once they no longer receive a salary. There are two phases to annuities, the accumulation phase and the payoutphase. • During the accumulation phase, you make payments that may be split among various investment options. In addition, variable annuities often allow you to put some of your money in an account that pays a fixed rate of interest.

30. During the payout phase, you get your payments back, along with any investment income and gains. You may take the payout in one lump-sum payment, or you may choose to receive a regular stream of payments, generally monthly.

31. All investments carry a level of risk. • Make sure you consider the financial strength of the insurance company issuing the annuity. • You want to be sure the company will still be around, and financially sound, during your payout phase.

32. Variable annuities have a number of features that you need to understand before you invest. • Understand that variable annuities are designed as an investment for long-term goals, such as retirement. • They are not suitable for short-term goals because you typically will pay substantial taxes and charges or other penalties if you withdraw your money early. • Variable annuities also involve investment risks, just as mutual funds do.

33. How to buy and sell annuities Insurance companies sell annuities, as do some banks, brokerage firms, and mutual fund companies. Make sure you read and understand your annuity contract. All fees should be clearly stated in the contract. Your most important source of information about investment options within a variable annuity is the mutual fund prospectus. Request prospectuses for all the mutual fund options you might want to select.

34. Make sure you read and understand your annuity contract. All fees should be clearly stated in the contract. • Note that if you sell or withdraw money from a variable annuity too soon after your purchase, the insurance company will impose a “surrender charge.” • This is a type of sales charge that applies in the "surrender period," typically six to eight years after you buy the annuity. • Surrender charges will reduce the value of -- and the return on -- your investment.

35. Understanding fees You will pay several charges when you invest in a variable annuity. Be sure you understand all charges before you invest. Besides surrender charges, there are a number of other charges, including: • Mortality and expense risk charge. This charge is equal to a certain percentage of your account value, typically about 1.25% per year. This charge pays the issuer for the insurance risk it assumes under the annuity contract. • The profit from this charge sometimes is used to pay a commission to the person who sold you the annuity.

36. Administrative fees. The issuer may charge you for record keeping and other administrative expenses. This may be a flat annual fee, or a percentage of your account value. • Underlying fund expenses. In addition to fees charged by the issuer, you will pay the fees and expenses for underlying mutual fund investments.

37. Fees and charges for other features. Additional fees typically apply for special features, such as a guaranteed minimum income benefit or long-term care insurance. Initial sales loads, fees for transferring part of your account from one investment option to another, and other fees also may apply. • Penalties. If you withdraw money from an annuity before you are age 59 ½, you may have to pay a 10% tax penalty to the Internal Revenue Service on top of any taxes you owe on the income.

38. Avoiding fraud • Variable annuities are considered to be securities. All broker-dealers and investment advisers that sell variable annuities must be registered. Before buying an annuity from a broker or adviser, confirm that they are registered using Finra BrokerCheck. • In most cases, the investments offered within a variable annuity are mutual funds. By law, each mutual fund is required to file a prospectus and regular shareholder reports with the SEC. Before you invest, be sure to read these materials.

39. Link http://www.wnyc.org/story/276949-annuities-explained-the-choices-and-red-flags/ https://www.metlife.com/individual/investment-products/annuities/index.html#types