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Chapter Twenty-Three

The Twenties, 1920—1929. Chapter Twenty-Three. Introduction. Part One:. Chapter Focus Questions . How did the second Industrial Revolution transform the economy? What were the promise and limits of prosperity in the 1920s? What were the new mass media and the culture of consumption?

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Chapter Twenty-Three

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  1. The Twenties, 1920—1929 Chapter Twenty-Three

  2. Introduction Part One:

  3. Chapter Focus Questions • How didthe second Industrial Revolution transform the economy? • What were the promise and limits of prosperity in the 1920s? • What were the new mass media and the culture of consumption? • How did the Republican Party dominate politics in the 1920s? • What were the political and cultural oppositions to modern trends?

  4. The Movie Audience and Hollywood Part Two:

  5. Hollywood • Movies. • National audience. • Hollywood. • Symbolized dreams.

  6. Postwar Prosperity and Its Price Part Three:

  7. The Second Industrial Revolution • Technological innovations. • Electricity. • Automated machinery • Consumer goods. • Housing Boom. • Chart: Consumer Debt 1920–1931

  8. The Modern Corporation • Managerial revolution • Scientific management • Behavioral psychology. • Successful corporations worked to: • integrate production and distribution • diversify products • expand industrial research • gain control of entire industries • Salaried executives

  9. Welfare Capitalism • Worker morale • Union challenge • “Open shop”. • Unions declined. • AFL passive. • Pro-business courts.

  10. The Auto Age • Consumer economy. • One car per second. • Good pay. • $300 per car. • The auto industry spurred; • Steel • Rubber • Glass • Petroleum • Road building.

  11. Cities and Suburbs • Suburbs. • Cities grew .

  12. Exceptions: Agriculture, Ailing Industries • Workers and farmers. • Agricultural profits. • Coolidge cool to farmers. • Sick industries included: • coal mining • Railroads • New England textiles

  13. The New Mass Culture Part Four:

  14. Movie-Made America • Mass communication. • Movies. • Publicists. • Hayes Commission.

  15. Radio Broadcasting • Radio. • National networks. • “Amos ‘n’ Andy”. • Commercialization. • Sports.

  16. New Forms of Journalism • Newspaper tabloids. • Popular. • Consolidation. • Hearst chain.

  17. Advertising Modernity • Advertising. • Research and psychology.

  18. The Phonograph and the Recording Industry • Transformed American mass and regional popular culture.

  19. Sports and Celebrity • Spectator sports. • Babe Ruth. • 1919 Black Sox scandal. • Attendance soared. • Negro National League.

  20. A New Morality? • New morality. • Openness about sexuality. • Sex and mass culture. • Surveys of sexual behavior.

  21. The State, the Economy, and Business Part Five:

  22. Harding and Coolidge • Warren G.Harding. • Reduced taxes paid by wealthy. • Calvin Coolidge. • Reduced federal spending • Cut taxes • Blocked initiatives.

  23. Herbert Hoover • Herbert Hoover was the most influential figure during the period, serving as secretary of commerce under Harding and Coolidge. • He promoted business cooperation by creating trade associations and coordinating conferences to promote business efficiency and facilitated the growing concentration of corporate wealth.

  24. War Debts and Reparations • Strongest economic power. • World’s most important creditor. • Allies’ debt. • Germany refinanced.

  25. Keeping the Peace • The United States: • participated in naval disarmament conferences • participated in arms reduction agreements • joined the World Court • Economic expansion. • Investments abroad.

  26. Resistance to Modernity Part Six:

  27. Prohibition • Urban culture power. • Restore public morality. • “Wets” and “drys”. • Organized crime.

  28. Immigration Restriction • Restricted southern and eastern Europeans. • Racial inferiority. • Quotas on annual immigration. • Chart: Annual Immigration to the U.S. 1860–1930

  29. The Ku Klux Klan • Nativistorganization. • Hiram W. Evans. • Blacks, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants. • 3 million members. • In 1925, Klan fades.

  30. Religious Fundamentalism • Political nativism. • Evolution decried. • Five states ban evolution. • Scopes-Monkey Trial.

  31. Promises Postponed Part Seven:

  32. Feminism in Transition • Prosperity and progress unevenly distributed. • National American Woman Suffrage Association: • reorganized itself as the League of Women Voters • women’s involvement in politics • laws protecting women and children • Alice Paul’s National Woman’s Party • Equal Rights Amendment. • Men dominated high-paid occupations.

  33. Mexican Immigration • Mexicans’ opportunities. • Agribusiness . • Racial targets. • Chart: Mexican Immigration to the U.S., 1920s

  34. The African American Population • Map: Black Population, 1920

  35. The “New Negro” • Harlem Renaissance. • African American migration. • Harlem. • Black protest. • Marcus Garvey. • Long hours, low pay.

  36. Intellectuals and Alienation • Gertrude Stein. • Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passosdrew. • F. Scott Fitzgerald • H. L. Mencken and Sinclair Lewis. • Eugene O’Neill • T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land. • The Fugitives attacked industrialism.

  37. The Election of 1928 • Smith v. Hoover, 1928 • Smith’s Catholicism. • Both pro-business. • Smith lost. • Map: The Election of 1928

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