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PANGASIUS HYPOPHTHALMUS – ITS INTRODUCTION TO NIGERIA/AFRICA BY TALON NIGERIA LTD . WRITTEN BY: DR. S.O TALABI; MR. MUYIWA COKER AND MR KAYODE ONI. History. Pangasius belongs to the family of catfish living in the Mekong river and its estuaries in Vietnam.
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PANGASIUS HYPOPHTHALMUS – ITS INTRODUCTION TO NIGERIA/AFRICA BY TALON NIGERIA LTD. WRITTEN BY: DR. S.O TALABI; MR. MUYIWA COKER AND MR KAYODE ONI.
History Pangasius belongs to the family of catfish living in the Mekong river and its estuaries in Vietnam. (See Map of Mekong river – next slide.)
There are two members of these family that started the aquaculture success that is, • Pangasius hypophthalmus (Tra) • Pangasius bocourti (Basa)
Pangasius are native of Mekong River as it had been earlier said but travel down the streams of Thailand, India and China. They are migrant fish going up the river when ready to spawn and travelling down the river as juveniles. They like warm water and the wet season that last in Mekong delta from March until late October each year.
In the year 2006, 60,000 metric tons was produced in the fish farms of the Mekong Delta and by 2010 over one million tons was produced. The fish is distributed already into 6 markets of the world and it is also one of the most successful white fish species of all times. (www.worldofpangasius. com.Vn)
The best most spectacular family member from the Mekong is Pangasius gigas, that is the giant catfish, that can grow up to 3metres and a weight of 150-200Kg, with the largest catch on record being a female 2.7metres long and weighing 293Kg.
There are others belonging to the same family who have become very famous nowadays for they started the aquaculture success in Vietnam, the Pangasius hypophthalmus, called “Tra” in Vietnamese and the Pangasius bocourticalled “Baga”.
Some 15 years ago, a group of French Biologists visited Vietnam to research and classify the Pangasius in the Mekong river. Up till then, the species was mostly unknown and the French took the challenge to change this situation; and in doing so, they changed the world of Pangasius.
Together with the Ang. Giang fisheries Company (today called “Agifish”) in the main river where Pangasius lived; they cross-bred some of the Pangasius stocks to develop a farmed animal that can be fed and reared and produced in a hatchery.
The first they researched into was thePangasius bocourtialso called “Basa” by the Vietnamese. This fish needs 12 months to grow to market size of about 2Kg of weight and gives a white fillet meat of high fat content.
The French built River Cage and put the fish into this to be fattened by a mixed food of rice bran and small river catches. Up to the juveniles necessary for these cages had to be caught from the wild. The Pangasius bocourti became an immediate success; also as an export fish.
But the real breakthrough for the Pangasius aquaculture in the Mekong Delta came when Pangasius hypophthalmus Vietnamese “ Tra” could be developed for farming.
WHY PANGASIUS IMPORTATION INTO NIGERIA? Pangasius hypophthalmus fries were imported into Nigeria two and the half years ago, under license from the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, as a consequence of the felt needs to diversify Nigeria’s aquaculture breeds, and to ensuresuch breeds like Pangasius which are not carnivorous; are disease-free; can thrive on 100% plant foods especially rice bran and soya bean cakes.
The whole idea is to ensure that Nigerian consumers have access to other fish species apart from Clarias species. The other fish specie Tilapia niloticus was also considered a good candidate for importation from Thailand since it has become impossible to get a pure Nigerian Tilapia niloticus.
It is the only white catfish in the world and this makes it an acceptable fish in the whole world. • Adult Pangasius can reach up to 3metres in length and weigh up to a maximum of 44kg. • The table size can weigh up to 2kg in 6 months.
They prefer large water body with shallow depth. • Pangasius catfish are a freshwater fish that natively live in a tropical climate and prefer water with temperature between 22-26oC. • They feed mostly from the ground, have no teeth, in the wild they are omnivorous and diet consists of Crustaceans other fish and plant matters.
The fish has not been used before for it was mostly a bottom feeder and could have some problems in taste through this habit but since the development of an industrial produced enhanced floating feed that could be taken by the fish from the top of the water surface also Pangasius hypophthalmus could be used and farmed successfully.
And this fish has all benefits of a fantastic aquaculture fish on its side. It is fast growing – it needs only 6 months to reach itsweight of 2Kg. • The fish is very robust. • Known next to no disease. • Need no high Oxygen level in water unlike Tilapia.
Low protein feed content compared to Clarias. • It is succulent and palatable. • Nowadays, some 98% of the exported Pangasius belongs to the Hypophthalmus species. • They do not cannibalize.
PANGASIUS PRODUCTS FROM TALON R & D FARMS. The fries were imported from Thailand some 21/2 years ago for the first time and we try to raise them in plastic production tanks (for the first time in Nigeria) before moving some of them to concrete tanks, plastic tanks and retain some in plastic tanks to monitor their growth rate.
The fish were stocked in the following manner: • 500 pieces at 100g each into 200ltrs plastic tanks fitted with Talon re-circulatory system. • 500 pieces at 100g each into 200ltrs concrete tank (raceway). • 500 pieces at 100g each into a rubber line. • 500 pieces at 100g each into an earthen pond.
Bio-filtration system for the water re-circulation on a client’s farm
Oxidation platform for air, ozone and UV application in a recirculatory system for 700 tonnes of cat fish/ annum(designed and built by Talon Nig. Ltd)
The fish are weighed every ten (10) days. See the table below:
With the above data we realized that fish in race way grows faster than every other one but the observation at the long run was that: • 1. Stocking density affect those that were in plastic tanks because when they were stocked 200 pieces per 2000ltrs they double the size in one month.
2. Looking for brood stocks we found that when those in plastic tanks weigh 5kg each they have no eggs and there was no sign of milt from the male. Whereas those in earthen ponds weigh 2.2kg with eggs and milt.
The products are as follows: • Pangasius fingerlings • Pangasius juveniles • Pangasius gutted table size • Smoked Pangasius at 500g • Pangasius fillet at 1kg
In the natural environment the reproductive season starts from May to June. In artificial reproduction, the fish become matured and fertile early through sophisticated water temperature management and can lay eggs earlier than in the natural environment. Each female Pangasius can have 67,000 eggs.
In South-East Asia, Pangasius hypophthalmus grow in three different farming situations: in wooden river houses, with cages placed right in the stream, in the “Quang” that is a fenced part at the shores of the river were the fish is placed and in earthen ponds. We intend to try Pangasius in cages before the end of the year.
Industrial Building and filling of the Mould for the Talon floating system is carried out in VITAPUR/Vitafoam PLC in Nigeria ensuring rapid production and uniformity; the first factory in Africa..Current capacity is 20 cages per day.
Completed Talon Fish Floating Cage System, with nets ready for stocking of fish
Talon Floating Cage Close up (10 module arrangement) * other arrangements are possible
Conclusions of our research project shows that: • Pangasius table size with good stocking density grows faster and can attain 2kg minimum in 6 months. • Pangasius for brooding stock should be stocked in earthen ponds or large water body and shallow depth. • Pangasius should be stocked in the right density at juveniles, if not they become runts.
Polyculturecan be done with Pangasius. • Pangasius hypophthalmus and Tilapia • Pangasius hypophthalmus and Clarias gariepinus • Pangasius hypophthalmus, Tilapia and Clarias • All the above can be done together without any problem with good stocking density
Rearing Conditions in which the Pangasius are reared: • Temperature – 25oc • pH – 7.2 • Do – 5mg/L
Feeding • Rannan • crown feeds from Akinsateru farms, and • Vitafeedof different sizes are used in feeding them.
Behaviours of the fish • They are sensitive to light • They move in cyclic form • They are bottom feeders but can be trained to eat at the surface • They are easily agitated by sound
They do not eat when you are close by the tank or pond side. • When there is a change in temperature, they stop eating • Stress from sorting, counting or weighing prevents them from eating for about three days.
Fingerlings production Fries are imported and raised to fingerlings stage and then sold to farmers that are interested. The fingerlings are Oxygen packed in 25kg polythene bags with average of 250 pieces. Juveniles are also packed the same way but quantity packed is about 150 pieces.
Fillet Fish are harvested with dragnet from concrete tank or earthen pond or if it is in plastic tank, it will be drained. The fish is transported live to the processing unit; make them unconscious by pouring ice on them, bled by gill cut after which they are filleted by hand.
There are different qualities and coloursappearing in the Pangasius fillets resulting from the different farming or the processing situations. The main colors of the fillet are: • White • Pink • Yellow The different colors have been separately processed in the past and nowadays often mixed qualities and colors can be found in the containers.
