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Outline

Outline . I. General Introduction II. Social Conditions III. Analysis IV. Q&A V. Conclusion. Summary & Main Argument.

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Outline

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  1. Outline I. General Introduction • II. Social Conditions • III. Analysis • IV. Q&A • V. Conclusion

  2. Summary & Main Argument Despite experiencing a lot of hardships, especially after contracting AIDS, Yesterday is able to sustain herself because she builds a strong mentality out of her love for her family.

  3. Harriet Hou Production

  4. The Movie - Yesterday • Released on Sept. 3rd, 2004 in South Africa • Directed by Darrell Roodt. • Setting: Rooihoek, Kromdraai, and Johannesburg in South Africa • This film is the first commercial feature-length production in Zulu • Chinese title: “永不遺忘的美麗”

  5. Rooihoek, South Africa

  6. Zulu •  the language of the Zulu people • South Africa’s 11th official language (in 1994) • Yesterday is the first full length feature film in Zulu. • Why they can speak English and have English name? Many Zulu people also speak Afrikaans, English, Portuguese, Shangaan, Sesotho and others from among South Africa's 11 official languages.

  7. Echo Chen& Jeff Huang Social factors

  8. Illiteracy wealth inequality urban-rural divide Jeff Huang Social Conditions

  9. Illiteracy

  10. Literacy Rate 1995 81.8% 2003 86.4% Source: indexmundi.com

  11. The benefits of literacy • Government’s developmental programs • Poverty reduction • Women’s empowerment • HIV and AIDS eradication • Environmental conservation • Education as an enabling right • To lower birth rate

  12. The World Education Forum(Dakar, Senegal, April 2000) • EFA (Education for All) --- To extend the reach of basic education world-wide and reduce illiteracy • To reduce illiteracy by 50% by 2015. • To eliminate gender disparities • Focusing on girls' education, working children, children of ethnic minorities…

  13. Results • The United Nations Children's Fund • Youth (15-24 years) literacy rate, 2008 male : female = 96 : 98 • Primary school attendance ratio 2009 male : female = 80 : 83 Source: UNICEF

  14. Problems exist • Teachers struggle to maintain students motivation levels • Student awful discipline and attendance • The lack of parental involvement • Principals and teachers are overwhelmed with departmental admin.

  15. Wealth inequality urban-rural divide

  16. Wealth inequality Perfect equality Inequality (1996) Inequality (2009) Source: OECD Factblog Source: Global Insight

  17. Wealth inequality White Average Black African 2008 1917 2000 Source: OECD Factblog Asian Average Black African Colored White

  18. Two South Africas • The highest levels of inequality in the world (UN Habitat's State of the World's Cities report) • Over half earned below US$230 per month, and one in five people had no income. • After apartheid: • The rapid urbanization of South Africa's cities • Movement of black people from rural to urban areas ➔ A decline in subsistence agriculture • Urban population 58%, 33% in slums and squatter camp (2009)

  19. Causes “Current poverty and income distribution in the context of South African history” Servaas Van Der Berg, October 2010 • High inequality of wage earnings ➔ wealth gap • Job creation does little to reduce inequality. • Low quality of education➔ be excluded from the economic mainstream • “Thus the labor market is at the heart of inequality, and central to labor market inequality is the quality of education.”

  20. 3 Factsof AIDS

  21. 1. WHAT IS AID/HIVS? HIV is the virus that causes AIDS • H: Human • I: Immune • V: Virus • A: Acquired • I: Immune • D: Deficiency • S: Syndrome

  22. The following “bodily fluids” are NOT infectious: 2. HOW IS HIV TRANSMITTED? • Blood (including menstrual blood) • Semen • Vaginal secretions • Breast milk Saliva, tears sweat, feces, and urine

  23. 3. How to prevent? practice safe sexual behaviors (condoms) get tested and treated for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV avoid injecting drugs, or if you do, always use new and disposable needles and syringes ensure that any blood or blood products that you might need are tested for HIV.

  24. Aid myths & misunderstanding

  25. TRANSMISSION MYTHS • MYTHS ABOUT A CURE • MYTHS ABOUT MEDICATIONS

  26. Medical Condition in South Africa

  27. Distribution of health workforce (per 1000 south African)

  28. Bailey Chen Hardships Analysis

  29. Hardship 1 Lack of enough medical resources

  30. Lack of hospitals & medical professionals • Yesterday’s failure to see the doctor for the first • two times. Rooihoek →Kromdraai • e.g. I am sorry. There is nothing I can do (male assistant). • e.g. l told you. lt is best to come early. Before the sun • (a patient).

  31. Lack of hospitals & medical professionals • The third time… “We need more than one doctor at this clinic. But there is not enough money (female doctor).” • Failure to find a bed for her husband. There is a waiting list...as long as my arm. Both arms(Nurse).

  32. Hardship 2 Unacceptance by the society

  33. Villagers: Personality • Gossipy: talk about other villagers’ private lives • Superstitious: a sangoma can treat Yesterday • Ignorant: not knowing AIDS is transmitted • through blood

  34. Villagers: Relationship with Yesterday helpful; have a wonderful time chatting with Yesterday Before

  35. Villagers: Relationship with Yesterday cold and unfriendly; Distance themselves from Yesterday After

  36. Hardship 3 Superstition of the community

  37. The Sangoma • Represents a tradition: • -has curing and soothing powers / gets rid of the evil spirits • e.g. appears in the hospital, outside of Yesterday’s house • Able to foresee the future : • -a villager wins the lotto • Prevalent in the village: • -more accessible than clinics

  38. The Sangoma • Yesterday’s first visit: • -treats Yesterday with the traditional methods → Yesterday is sick because of the anger inside her. • Outside of Yesterday’s house: • -S:Tell me, is this what causes • your anger? • Y: l am not angry. • The sangoma’s treatment • doesn’t work at all.

  39. Jessie Wang Character Analysis I Yesterday & The female teacher

  40. Yesterday’s Personality • Courageous & Strong --Takes care of her husband --Builds her own hospital • Considerate & Friendly • Gentle --Peels orange for Beauty --Comforts her husband • Firm & persistent “Until my child goes to school... l'll not die.” (01:00:46)

  41. Teacher’s Personality • Considerate • Friendly • Knowledgeable -- Knowledge of diabetes & AIDS

  42. Friendship Relationship b/t Yesterday & Teacher

  43. Relationship b/t Yesterday & Teacher • Yesterday : Help & believe the Teacher • Help the Teacher -- Give road directions -- Introduce the village

  44. Relationship b/t Yesterday & Teacher • Believe the Teacher -- Look after Beauty -- Tell the Teacher her disease

  45. Relationship b/t Yesterday & Teacher • Teacher : Help & care for Yesterday -- Arrange the Taxi -- Look after Beauty -- Teach villager the right concept about AIDS -- Promise to take care of Beauty 01:24:06)

  46. Cinematography: Long-shots • The beginning 3 2

  47. Cinematography: Long-shots • Compare & Contrast: The Beginning & The End

  48. Cinematography: Foreshadowing

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