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What is the Cold War???

What is the Cold War???. growing mistrust between the 2 Superpowers: Soviet Union & the U.S. Iron Curtain (symbolic boundary dividing Europe into 2) lasted from the 1920’s – 1990’s Western Europe & the U.S. vs. Eastern Europe, China, & the Soviet Union

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What is the Cold War???

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  1. What is the Cold War??? • growing mistrust between the 2 Superpowers: Soviet Union & the U.S. • Iron Curtain (symbolic boundary dividing Europe into 2) • lasted from the 1920’s – 1990’s • Western Europe & the U.S. vs. Eastern Europe, China, & the Soviet Union • no actual fighting battles, but lots of tension, rivalry, & political battles (Domino Theory – one incident led to another) • Soviet blockade of Berlin • Berlin Wall • Bay of Pigs • Cuban Missile Crisis • Truman Doctrine • Korean War • Space Race • Nuclear Arms Race • Capitalism & Democracy (U.S.) VS. Communism (Soviet Union)

  2. President Truman • wanted to prevent the further expansion of communism in Europe • Truman Doctrine – U.S. would dedicate economic aid to help foreign countries fight communism • COMMUNISM – favoring equal distribution of wealth & the end of all private property • Marshall Plan – gave financial aid to European allies to rebuild their countries after WWII • $13 billion between 1948 – 1952 • offered Soviet Union, but they refused • the Fair Deal – reform programs after WWII

  3. "I'M SICK OF BABYING THE SOVIETS." PRESIDENT TRUMAN WROTE THIS ON JAN. 5, 1946 TO SECRETARY OF STATE JAMES BYRNES. HE WAS UPSET THAT THE USSR WAS TAKING OVER EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS AND IMPOSING COMMUNIST GOVERNMENTS.

  4. Churchill giving his “iron curtain” speech in March of 1946 at Fulton Missouri "A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victories. . . . From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent.” Churchill’s main points were that there should be a US/UK agreement within the framework of the U.N. to resist and deter any disturbances to world peace and that Stalin wants "not war but the fruits of war”, and if the allies stay strong and united they can counter any Soviet threat

  5. EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS TAKEN OVER BY THE USSR AFTER WW II YUGOSLAVIA, WHILE COMMUNIST, REMAINED INDEPENDENT

  6. GERMAN CITY OF HAMBURG IN 1947 BEFORE THE MARSHALL PLAN EFFECTS OF THE MARSHALL PLAN HAMBURG, 1952, AFTER THE MARSHALL PLAN

  7. The Fair Deal • it was intended to bring full employment & a higher minimum wage for Americans • it called for more affordable housing, expanded Social Security benefits, & aid for farmers • it also dealt with civil rights – calling for an end to lynching & discrimination & for voter protection laws • it funded domestic improvements • building highways • GI bill $$$

  8. Korean War • 2 Koreas (Northern – communists & Southern – controlled by the U.N.) • North Korea (trained by Soviets) invaded South Korea in order to spread communism • Chinese (communists) helped N. Korea vs. U.S. (democracy) helped S. Korea • Election of 1952 – Republican President, Eisenhower (former WWII general) won!  war changes

  9. NORTH KOREA 38TH PARALLEL DIVIDING LINE BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA SOUTH KOREA

  10. FORMER GENERAL DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT IN NOVEMBER 1952 WITH A PLEDGE TO GO TO KOREA AND END THE WAR.

  11. On July 27th 1953, after three years of fighting, an armistice was signed ending the Korean war. Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel.

  12. IKE (Eisenhower) • Eisenhower Doctrine -Threatened the use of atomic weapons in Korea  2 sides signed a peace treaty soon after • To this day… 2 sides (North & South)… tensions still exist… U.S. forces still there • “New Look” in U.S. foreign policy  massive retaliation • the use of nuclear weapons to fight communist attack

  13. What is Communism? • a type of socialism; establishes a classless nation based upon common ownership of the means of production • Karl Marx – German ideologist; the Communist Manifesto (1848) • the “Father of Communism” – thought capitalism would end • working class should revolt against middle class • years later the Marxist Bolsheviks took over Russia & started the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (leader – Vladimir Lenin)

  14. The Red Scare • fear of communism (the Communist party exists in the U.S. & its spreading all over eastern Europe & Asia) • HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee) , govt. agency, investigates American people’s involvement in communism • blacklisting – refusing to hire because a person may be communist • Hollywood investigated & up in arms • Internal Security Act – required organizations thought to be communist to register with the govt. & allowed govt. the right to arrest people suspected of communism

  15. McCarthy a Senator who began a campaign to expose Communists in the U.S. he accused people of being communists without adequate proof & exploited the fear of communism McCarthyism people scared of proving him wrong, for fear that he would have called them a communist he then went after communism in the military… that pushed it too far McCarthy then voted out of office by Congress

  16. Nuclear Arms Race • who would have the most WMD’s??? • SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks • from atomic bomb to hydrogen bomb (more powerful) • U.S. not the only one with this technology (Soviet Union has it too) • Families built underground bomb shelters to escape radiation • children practiced “duck & cover” drills at schools

  17. In 1957 a new word entered the world’s vocabulary: ICBM, short for intercontinental ballistic missiles. These were nuclear bomb carrying missiles with ranges of over five thousand miles. No place on earth was safe from nuclear destruction. USSR WAS THE FIRST TO SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCH AN ICBM FIRST US ATLAS ICBM

  18. ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR BOMB TESTS WERE POISONING THE ATMOSPHERE WITH DEADLY RADIOACTIVITY THAT WAS SHOWING UP IN MILK AND OTHER FOODS. IN MARCH OF 1958 RUSSIA SUSPENDED ATMOSPHERIC TESTING FOLLOWED BY THE US AND BRITAIN IN OCTOBER.

  19. Space Race • Sputnik – Soviet satellite sent into space; Americans worried that the Soviets were beating the U.S. technologically in the Cold War • in response, the U.S. created NASA (National Aeronautics & Space Administration) & funded/pushed more math, science, & foreign language in education • Eisenhower created it, JF Kennedy made it what it is today

  20. OCTOBER 4TH 1957 THE SPACE AGE BEGINS AS RUSSIA LAUNCHES SPUTNIK,THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE TO ORBIT THE EARTH. AMERICANS WERE SHOCKED THAT THE SOVIETS WERE THE FIRST INTO SPACE

  21. The U.S. did not get an object into orbit until January of 1958 after several embarrassing failures. The space race was on.

  22. FIDEL CASTRO ON JANUARY 1, 1959 REVOLUTION IN CUBA SUCCESSFULLY OVERTHREW THE GOVERNMENT. ON JANUARY 6TH FIDEL CASTRO BECAME PREMIER AND LATER COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF CUBA. MANY CUBANS FLEE TO THE U.S.

  23. CASTRO DECLARED HIMSELF A COMMUNIST AND ALLIED CUBA WITH THE SOVIET UNION CASTRO AND KHRUSHCHEV

  24. the Bay of Pigs • 1959, Fidel Castro, Cuba vs. Kennedy, U.S. • Castro established a communist dictatorship in Cuba & an alliance with the Soviet Union • Cuba very close to U.S.  scared Americans • Kennedy/Ike’s plan – CIA trained Cuban exiles to invade island on the Bay of Pigs • Castro attacked back, invasion turned into a disaster • FAILED!!!

  25. The Cuban Missile Crisis

  26. The Cuban Missile Crisis • Soviets installing nuclear missiles in Cuba (could hit U.S.) • U.S. navy then surrounded Cuba to prevent Soviet ships from bringing in more missiles • Soviet ships then approached the U.S. blockade… time stood still… Soviet ships turned back • Compromise: Soviets removed missiles, U.S. not invade Cuba, & create a “hotline” (the red phone between 2 superpowers) • Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty – created by Kennedy & Soviet leader, Khrushchev, ended testing of nuclear weapons above ground

  27. The Berlin Wall • after WWII, the Allies divided Berlin in 2 (West – U.S. & East Berlin – Soviet Union) • East Berliners began crossing into West Berlin… this alarmed the Communists  Berlin Wall (built by Soviets) attempt to stop border crossing • stood for decades as a symbol of the Cold War

  28. Vietnam Conflict • war fought between communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam (N. Vietnam) & Republic of Vietnam (S. Vietnam) • U.S. sided with S. Vietnam • Communist allies sided with N. Vietnam • N. Vietnam wanted independence from French colonialism

  29. War Powers Act 1973 • Because of Korea & Vietnam, this fed. law is created • President cannot send troops (unless under attack) to war; only Congress has that power

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