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Supplementary

Supplementary. Extensibility Mechanisms. Stereotypes Tagged Values Constraints. <<container>>. ActionQueue. {version = 3.2}. {add runs in O(1) time}. add(a: Action) remove(n: Integer). Stereotypes. Extends the UML vocabulary Create new building blocks derived from existing ones,

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Supplementary

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  1. Supplementary

  2. Extensibility Mechanisms • Stereotypes • Tagged Values • Constraints <<container>> ActionQueue {version = 3.2} {add runs in O(1) time} add(a: Action) remove(n: Integer)

  3. Stereotypes • Extends the UML vocabulary • Create new building blocks derived from existing ones, • specific to problem domain • Example: Sensors for embedded systems,

  4. Tagged Values • Extends properties of UML building block • Create new information in that element’s spec • Example: {version, author values for Software Class}

  5. Constraint • Extends the semantics of a UML building block • Add new rules or modify existing ones • Example: {ordered constraint on a add operation for a Queue}

  6. Interface • Interface: collection of operations that specify a service of a class or component • Externally visible behavior of that element • Set of operation specs (signatures) • Not a set of operation implementations

  7. Wordsmith.dll Interface Example • Interface specifies desired behavior of an abstraction independent of implementation • Specifies contract • May also create stereotype to further define behavior • No attributes • Only operations • (visibility, concurrency, stereotypes, etc.) ISpell IThesaurus IUnknown <<interface>> URLStreamHandler openConnection() Parse URL() setURL() toExternalForm()

  8. Metamodels

  9. Class Diagram Metamodel

  10. Object Model • Creation Tips • understand the problem • keep it simple at first, then refine later • choose class names carefully • try to have only binary relations • do not worry about multiplicities on first draft • do not feel you have to use all constructs • concentrate on WHAT • document reasons behind the model • refine until complete and correct Cheng: Software Engineering: OMT

  11. Dynamic Model • Creation Tips • only construct state diagrams for object classes with meaningful dynamic behavior • verify consistency between diagrams for shared events • use scenarios to begin the construction of diagrams • let application decide on granularity and distinguish between actions and activities • make use of entry and exit actions for multiple transitions • use nested states to improve understanding/readability • distinguish state diagrams for super and subclasses • watch for race conditions in the diagrams Cheng: Software Engineering: OMT

  12. Approaching a Problem Where do we start? How do we proceed?

  13. Where Do We Start? • Start with the requirements • Capture your goals and possible constraints • Environmental assumptions • Use-case analysis to better understand your requirements • Find actors and a first round of use-cases • Start conceptual modeling • Conceptual class diagram • Interaction diagrams to clarify use-cases • Activity diagrams to understand major processing

  14. How Do We Continue? • Refine use-cases • Possibly some “real” use-cases • Using interface mockups • Refine (or restructure) your class diagram • Based on your hardware architecture • For instance, client server • Refine and expand your dynamic model • Until you are comfortable that you understand the required behavior • Identify most operations and attributes

  15. How Do We Wrap Up? • Refine the class diagram based on platform and language properties • Navigability, public, private, etc • Class libraries • Identify all operations • Not the trivial get, set, etc. • Write a contract for each operation • Define a collection of invariants for each class • Implement

  16. Why is requirements analysis difficult? • Communication: misunderstandings between the customer and the analyst • Analyst doesn’t understand the domain • Customer doesn’t understand alternatives and trade-offs • Problem complexity • Inconsistencies in problem statement • Omissions/incompleteness in problem statement • Inappropriate detail in problem statement

  17. Why is requirements analysis difficult? • Need to accommodate change • Hard to predict change • Hard to plan for change • Hard to predict the impact of change

  18. First Law of Software Engineering “No matter where you are in the system lifecycle, the system will change, and the desire to change it will persist throughout the lifecycle.”

  19. Poor communication Inaccurate requirements analysis Failure to consider alternatives New users New customer goals New customer environment New technology Competition Software is seen as malleable Reasons for changing requirements Changes made after the requirements are approved increase cost and schedule

  20. Requirements Products • Specification document • Agreement between customer and developer • Validation criteria for software • Preliminary users manual • Prototype • If user interaction is important • If resources are available • Review by customer and developer • Iteration is almost always required

  21. Analysis: Steps to follow • Obtain a problem statement • Develop use cases (depict scenarios of use) • Build an object model and data dictionary • Develop a dynamic model • state and sequence diagrams • Verify, iterate, and refine the models • Produce analysis document

  22. Use Cases • High-level overview of system use • Identify scenarios of usage • Identify actors of the system: • External entities (e.g., users, systems, etc.) • Identify system activities • Draw connections between actors and activities • Identify dependencies between activities (i.e., extends, uses)

  23. Analysis: Object Model • Organization of system into classes connected by associations • Shows the static structure • Organizes and decomposes system into more manageable subsystems • Describes real world classes and relationships

  24. Analysis: Object Model • Object model precedes the dynamic model because • static structure is usually better defined • less dependent on details • more stable as the system evolves

  25. Analysis: Object Model • Information comes from • The problem statement and use cases • Expert knowledge of the application domain • Interviews with customer • Consultation with experts • Outside research performed by analyst • General knowledge of the real world

  26. Object Model: Steps to follow • Identify classes and associations • nouns and verbs in a problem description • Create data dictionary entry for each • Add attributes • Combine and organize classes using inheritance

  27. Analysis: Dynamic model • Shows the time dependent behavior of the system and the objects in it • Expressed in terms of • states of objects and activities in states • events and actions • State diagram summarizes permissible event sequences for objects with important dynamic behavior

  28. Dynamic Model: Steps to follow • Use cases provide scenarios of typical interaction sequences • Identify events between objects (Sequence Diagram) • Prepare an event trace for each scenario • Build state diagrams • Match events between objects to verify consistency

  29. Analysis: Iteration • Analysis model will require multiple passes to complete • Look for inconsistencies and revise • Look for omissions/vagueness and revise • Validate the final model with the customer

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