Unit #7 Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

1. Unit #7Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology “Having sniffed the dead man’s lips, I detected a slightly sour smell, and I came to the conclusion that he had poison forced upon him.” —Sherlock Holmes, in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s A Study in Scarlet Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

2. Drugs Students will learn: • How to apply deductive reasoning to a series of analytical data. • The limitations of presumptive (screening) tests. • The relationship between the electromagnetic spectrum and spectroscopic analysis. • The dangers of using prescription drugs, controlled substances, over-the-counter medications, and illegal drugs. Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

3. Drugs Students will be able to: • Chemically identify illicit drug types. • Classify the types of illicit drugs and their negative effects. • Discuss the federal penalties for possession and use of controlled substances. • Explain the need for confirmatory tests. Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

4. Drugs • Describe IR, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and GC-MS • Present and interpret data with graphs. • Use the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) to identify pills. • Use technology and mathematics to improve investigations and communications. Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

5. Drugs and Crime • A drug is a natural or synthetic substance designed to affect the subject psychologically or physiologically. • “Controlled substances” are drugs that are restricted by law • Controlled Substances Act is a law that was enacted in 1970; it lists illegal drugs, their category and their penalty for possession, sale or use. Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

6. Controlled Substances Act • Schedule I—high potential for abuse; no currently acceptable medical use in the US; a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision • Schedule II—high potential for abuse; a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions; abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence • Schedule III—lower potential for abuse than the drugs in I or II; a currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence • Schedule IV—low potential for abuse relative to drugs in III; a currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in III • Schedule V—low potential for abuse relative to drugs in IV; currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in IV Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

7. Examples of Controlled Substances and Their Schedule Placement • Schedule I—heroin (diacetylmorphine), LSD, marijuana, ecstasy (MDMA) • Schedule II—cocaine, morphine, amphetamines (including methamphetamines), PCP, Ritalin • Schedule III—intermediate acting barbiturates, anabolic steroids, ketamine • Schedule IV—other stimulants and depressants including Valium, Xanan, Librium, phenobarbital, Darvon • Schedule V—codeine found in low doses in cough medicines Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

8. Identification of Drugs • PDR—Physicians’ Desk Reference • Field Tests—presumptive tests • Laboratory Tests—conclusive tests Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

9. Blood Urine Hair Gastric Contents Bile Liver tissue Brain tissue Kidney tissue Spleen tissue Vitreous Humor of the Eye Human ComponentsUsed for Drug Analysis Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

10. Physicians’ Desk Reference PDR—a physicians’ desk reference is used to identify manufactured pills, tablets and capsules. It is updated each year. This can sometimes be a quick and easy identifier of the legally made drugs that may be found at a scene. The reference book gives a picture of the drug, whether it is a prescription, over the counter, or a controlled substance; as well as more detailed information about the drug. Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

11. Screening or presumptive tests Spot or color tests Microcrystalline test— a reagent is added that produces a crystalline precipitate which is unique for a certain drug. Chromatography Confirmatory tests Spectrophotometry Ultraviolet (UV) Visible Infrared (IR) Mass spectrometry Drug Identification Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

12. Marquis—turns purple in the presence of most opium derivatives and orange-brown with amphetamines Dillie-Koppanyi—turns violet-blue in the presence of barbiturates Duquenois-Levine—turns a purple color in the presence of marijuana Van Urk—turns a blue-purple in the presence of LSD Scott test—color test for cocaine, blue Presumptive Color Tests Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

13. Chromatography • A technique for separating mixtures into their components • Includes two phases—a mobile one that flows past a stationary one. • The mixture interacts with the stationary phase and separates. Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

14. Types of Chromatography • Paper • Thin Layer (TLC) • Gas (GC) • Pyrolysis Gas (PGC) • Liquid (LC) • High Pressure Liquid (HPLC) • Column Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

15. Paper Chromatography • Stationary phase—paper • Mobile phase—a liquid solvent Capillary action moves the mobile phase through the stationary phase Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

16. Thin Layer Chromatography • Stationary phase— a thin layer of coating (usually alumina or silica) on a sheet of plastic or glass • Mobile phase— a liquid solvent Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

17. Retention Factor (Rf) • This is a number that represents how far a compound travels in a particular solvent • It is determined by measuring the distance the compound traveled and dividing it by the distance the solvent traveled. • If the Rf value for an unknown compound is close to or the same as that for the known compound, the two compounds are likely similar or identical (a match). Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

18. Phases Stationary—a solid or a viscous liquid that lines a tube or column Mobile—an inert gas like nitrogen or helium Analysis Shows a peak that is proportional to the quantity of the substance present Uses retention time instead of Rf for the qualitative analysis Gas Chromatography Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

19. Uses of Gas Chromatography • Not considered a confirmation of a controlled substance • Used as a separation tool for mass spectroscopy (MS) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) • Used to quantitatively measure the concentration of a sample. (In a courtroom, there is no real requirement to know the concentration of a substance. It does not affect guilt or innocence). Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

20. Spectroscopy • Spectroscopy—the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. • Spectrophotometer—an instrument used to measure and record the absorption spectrum of a chemical substance. Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

21. Spectrophotometry Components • A radiation source • A frequency selector • A sample holder • A detector to convert electromagnetic radiation into an electrical signal • A recorder to produce a record of the signal Types • Ultraviolet • Visible • Infrared Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

22. Infrared Spectometry • Material absorbs energy in the near-IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum. • Compares the IR light beam before and after passing through a transparent sample. • Result—an absorption or transmittance spectrum • Gives a unique view of the substance; like a fingerprint Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

23. Mass Spectrometry Gas chromatography has one major drawback, it does not give a specific identification. Mass spectrometry cannot separate mixtures. By combining the two (GCMS), constituents of mixtures can be specifically identified. Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

24. Mass Spectrometry In a mass spectrometer, an electron beam is directed at sample molecules in a vacuum chamber. The electrons break apart the sample molecules into many positive charged fragments. These are sorted and collected according to their mass-to-charge ratio by an oscillating electric or a magnetic field. Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

25. Mass Spectra Each molecular species has its own unique mass spectrum. Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

26. IR Spectrophotometry andMass Spectrometry • Both work well in identifying pure substances. • Mixtures are difficult to identify in both techniques • Both are compared to a catalog of knowns Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

27. People of Historical Significance Arthur Jeffrey Dempster was born in Canada, but studied and received his PhD from the University of Chicago. He began teaching physics there in 1916. In 1918, Dempster developed the first modern mass spectrometer. His version was over 100 times more accurate than previous ones developed, and established the basic theory and design of mass spectrometers that is still used to this day. Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

28. People of Historical Significance Francis William Aston was a British physicist who won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in the invention of the mass spectrograph. He used a method of electromagnetic focusing to separate substances. This enabled him to identify no fewer than 212 of the 287 naturally occurring elemental isotopes. Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

29. Unit #7Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology “All substances are poisons. There is none which is not. The right dose differentiates a poison and remedy.” —Paracelsus (1495-1541). Swiss physician and chemist Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

30. Toxicology and Alcohol • A quantitative approach to toxicology. • The danger of using alcohol. Students will learn: Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

31. Toxicology and Alcohol • Discuss the connection of blood alcohol levels to the law, incapacity, and test results. • Understand the vocabulary of poisons. • Design and conduct scientific investigations. • Use technology and mathematics to improve investigations and communications. • Identify questions and concepts that guide scientific investigations. • Communicate and defend a scientific argument. Students will be able to: Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

32. Toxicology Definition—the study of the adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms. Types: • Environmental—air, water, soil • Consumer—foods, cosmetics, drugs • Medical, clinical, forensic Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

33. Forensic Toxicology • Postmortem—medical examiner or coroner • Criminal—motor vehicle accidents (MVA) • Workplace—drug testing • Sports—human and animal • Environment—industrial, catastrophic, terrorism Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

34. Toxicology Toxic substances may: • Be a cause of death • Contribute to death • Cause impairment • Explain behavior Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

35. Historical Perspective of Poisoners • Olympias—a famous Greek poisoner • Locusta—personal poisoner of Emperor Nero • Lucretia Borgia—father was Pope Alexander VI • Madame GiuliaToffana—committed over 600 successful poisonings, including two Popes. • HieronymaSpara—formed a society to teach women how to murder their husbands • Madame de Brinvilliers and CatherineDeshayes—French poisoners. AND many others through modern times. Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

36. The Severity of the Problem “If all those buried in our cemeteries who were poisoned could raise their hands, we would probably be shocked by the numbers.” —John Harris Trestrail, “Criminal Poisoning” Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

37. People of Historical Significance Mathieu Orfila—known as the father of forensic toxicology, published in 1814 “Traite des Poisons” which described the first systematic approach to the study of the chemistry and physiological nature of poisons. Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

38. Aspects of Toxicity • Dosage • The chemical or physical form of the substance • The mode of entry into the body • Body weight and physiological conditions of the victim, including age and sex • The time period of exposure • The presence of other chemicals in the body or in the dose Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

39. Lethal Dose • LD50—refers to the dose of a substance that kills half the test population, usually within four hours • Expressed in milligrams of substance per kilogram of body weight Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

40. Toxicity Classes Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

41. Federal Regulatory Agencies • Food and Drug Administration (FDA) • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) • Consumer Product Safety Commission • Department of Transportation (DOT) • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

42. Symptoms of Various Typesof Poisoning Type of PoisonSymptom/Evidence • Caustic Poison (lye) Characteristic burns around the lips and mouth of the victim • Carbon Monoxide Red or pink patches on the chest and thighs, unusually bright red lividity • Sulfuric acid Black vomit • Hydrochloric acid Greenish-brown vomit • Nitric acid Yellow vomit • Phosphorous Coffee brown vomit. Onion or garlic odor • Cyanide Burnt almond odor • Arsenic, Mercury Pronounced diarrhea • Methyl (wood) or Nausea and vomiting, unconsciousness, Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol possibly blindness Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

43. Form Common color Characteristic odor Solubility Taste Common sources Lethal dose Mechanism Possible methods of administration Time interval of onset of symptoms. Symptoms resulting from an acute exposure Symptoms resulting from chronic exposure Disease states mimicked by poisoning Notes relating to the victim Specimens from victim Analytical detection methods Known toxic levels Notes pertinent to analysis of poison List of cases in which poison was used Critical Informationon Poisons —John Trestrail from “Criminal Poisoning” Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

44. To Prove a Case • Prove a crime was committed • Motive • Intent • Access to poison • Access to victim • Death was caused by poison • Death was homicidal Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

45. Forensic Autopsy Look for: • Irritated tissues • Characteristic odors • Mees lines—single transverse white bands on nails. Order toxicological screens • Postmortem concentrations should be done at the scene for comparison • No realistic calculation of dose can be made from a single measurement Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

46. Blood Urine Vitreous Humor of Eyes Bile Gastric contents Liver tissue Brain tissue Kidney tissue Hair/nails Human Specimens for Analysis Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

47. Alcohol—Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH) • Most abused drug in America • About 40% of all traffic deaths are alcohol-related • Toxic—affecting the central nervous system, especially the brain • Colorless liquid, generally diluted in water • Acts as a depressant • Alcohol appears in blood within minutes of consumption; 30-90 minutes for full absorption • Detoxification—about 90% in the liver • About 5% is excreted unchanged in breath, perspiration and urine Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

48. Rate of Absorption Depends on: • amount of alcohol consumed • the alcohol content of the beverage • time taken to consume it • quantity and type of food present in the stomach • physiology of the consumer Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

49. BACBlood Alcohol Content • Expressed as percent weight per volume of blood • Legal limits in all states is 0.08% • Parameters influencing BAC: • Body weight • Alcoholic content • Number of beverages consumed • Time between consumption Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology

50. BAC • Burn off rate of 0.015% per hour but can vary: • Male BAC male = 0.071 x (oz) x (% alcohol) body weight • Female BAC female = 0.085 x (oz) x (% alcohol) body weight Unit # 7 - Drugs, Alcohol, and Toxicology