1 / 37

The Middle East

The Middle East. The Middle East Today: Political Map. 19. 4-->. 17. 18. 11-->. 6. 7. 1. 13. 8-->. 9. <--10. 2. 12. 5. 3-->. 16. 15-->. 20. 14. 21. Middle East? OR Near East? OR Southwest Asia? OR….?. What is the “Middle East”?.

shelby
Télécharger la présentation

The Middle East

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Middle East

  2. The Middle East Today:Political Map 19 4--> 17 18 11--> 6 7 1 13 8--> 9 <--10 2 12 5 3--> 16 15--> 20 14 21

  3. Middle East? OR Near East?OR Southwest Asia? OR….?

  4. What is the “Middle East”? • The Middle East is not a separate continent, but geographically is the area in which Africa, Asia, and Europe interconnect • There are no natural borders that delineate the boundaries of the Middle East. • Egypt, Iran, Sudan, Turkey, North Africa are disputed parts of the region.

  5. What is the “Middle East”? • In fact the boundaries of the Middle East are political, and they keep shifting overtime. • Islam is the common thread that join Middle Eastern Country together

  6. Ancient Middle East • http://www.mapsofwar.com/ind/imperial-history.html

  7. Kingdom of Israel in Ancient Middle East

  8. Ancient Middle East

  9. Middle East During Roman Empire

  10. Post-Rome & Beginnings of Islam

  11. Middle East - Muslim Empires

  12. Ottoman Empire c. 1800 • Multiethnic, multireligious state ruled under Islamic laws • Ruled by sultan • By 1800, power beginning to weaken • Threat from powerful, industrialized European nation-states & imperialism

  13. Middle East & European Imperialism • France  Algeriain 1830, Tunisia in 1881 • British took Aden (Yemen) in 1836, Egypt in 1882 • Italy  Libya in 1911 • Russia also gained influence

  14. Middle East – Pre-WWI

  15. Sykes-Picot Agreement • Ottoman Empire joinedCentral Powers • Other Arab states joined with British who promised them independence after war… BUT • France & Britain had secret Sykes-Picot Agreement which divided the territory among themselves!!!! • Plus the Balfour Declaration (would support nation for Jewish people in Palestine) = Distrust in the West

  16. Middle East – Post WWI • Mandate System • Mandates = semi-colonial territories • Set up by League of Nations • Hopes for nation-states crushed • Kurds (ethnic group) promised settlement, instead were divided among Turkey, Syria, Iran, Iraq

  17. Middle East in the 20th C.

  18. SOME COUNTRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST ARE: AFGHANISTAN TURKEY IRAN IRAQ SAUDI ARABIA KUWAIT QATAR ISRAEL AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)

  19. Development of Middle East • Very different across the Middle East • Islam & politics? Modernization? Relationship with West? • Three types of regimes in Islamic states • Muslim States = Muslim majority, secular gov’t (Turkey) • Islamic States = Muslim majority, principles of Islam used for guidance (Egypt, Indonesia) • Islamist States = Depend on Islamic or Shari’a law for governance (Iran, Saudi Arabia)

  20. Middle East Nationalism • Rapid economic change due to oil resources • Demand for oil among industrialized countries • Arab Revolt of 1916-1917 • Led to partitioning of Ottoman Empire • Rise of nationalism around the Middle East • By 1936, Iraq, Trans-Jordan, Lebanon, & Syria were independent • Only Palestine was not autonomous

  21. Modernization in Turkey • 1922 – Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal overthrew last Ottoman emperor • Established Republic of Turkey (1st republic in Middle East) • Kemal as 1st president of Turkey = Atatürk (“Father of the Turks”) • Modernization • Broke connection between Islam and state • Separated Islamic laws from national laws • Replaced Islamic courts with secular courts • Gave women legal & political rights (suffrage, no veil) • Western style of dress • EDUCATION!!! – Secular public schools • Alphabet changed from Arabic to Latin

  22. Modernization in Iran • 1921 – Reza Khan, army officer, seized power • Military dictatorship • Became ruling shah in 1925, renamed Persia as Iran (Reza Shah Pahlavi) • Westernization not as successful as in Turkey • Broke w/Islamic traditions • Built roads & railroads, encouraged industrialization • Women given more rights • Iran occupied by British & Soviet troops in WWII (Iran’s pro-German policies) • Conflict w/U.S. & West over shah’s right to throne – extended West’s influence • 1979 Islamic revolution by religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew shah • Iranian hostage crisis in Tehran in 1979 – released 444 days later

  23. Egypt & Arab Nationalism • Controlled by British since 1882 (although under Ottoman Empire…) • Arab nationalism opposed British control/influence • 1952 – GamalAbd al-Nasser led coup and was named president of Egypt • Suez Crisis in 1956 • Brief union w/Syria as United Arab Republic • Attacks on Israel • Replaced by Anwar Sadat & then Hosni Mubarak

  24. Palestine • Lesson for another day… • Has some self-determination but still strives for nation-statehood 2010

  25. Saudi Arabia • While Turkey and Iran broke with many Islamic traditions, Saudi Arabia held strictly to Islamic law. • The harsh desert land was home to a group of nomads known as Bedouins. • They lived in large family groups, each led by a shaykh (sheikh) = means “elder”. • In 1902, a shaykh named Abd al-Aziz Obn Saud, set out to extend his power. • In 1926 he proclaimed himself king of the nation of Saudi Arabia. • Still an absolute monarchy. King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

  26. Iraq After fall of Ottomans… • British mandate, created gov’t, renamed Iraq • Attacks on Israel, Iran, Kuwait • Ethnic oppression & genocide under Saddam Hussein

  27. Afghanistan • Islamic Republic of Afghanistan • Chronic instability & conflict • “Great Game” = Russia & Britain’s Empire vied for control • Communist government for a period of time (controlled by Soviets) • Withdrawal of Soviets led to civil war • Rise of Taliban (from largest ethnic group, the Pashtuns) • Controlled Afghanistan until ousted in 2001 • President Hamid Karzai

  28. Middle East: Population Density

  29. The Natural Resources of theMiddle East

  30. World Oil Reserves

  31. Persian Gulf Oil Exports (2003)

  32. Saudi Oil Fields & Refineries

  33. Kuwait: An Island Floating on a Sea of Oil KuwaitCity

  34. Leading U. S. Oil Suppliers The U. S. imports 30% of its oil needs from the Middle East.

  35. Issues Facing Middle East • Ethnic & religious conflicts • Religion v. modernizationv. politics • Arab-Israeli conflict over statehood/territory • Economics • Arab spring/political instability

More Related