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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Today’s notes are brought to you by the letter C and the numbers 4 and 6 . Overview: Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on the element carbon.

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

  2. Today’s notes are brought to you by the letter C and the numbers 4 and 6.

  3. Overview: Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules • All living organisms • Are made up of chemicals based mostly on the element carbon Cookies are made of carbon. Mmmm! COOOKIES!!!!!

  4. Concept 4.1: Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds • Organic compounds • Range from simple molecules to colossal ones simple

  5. Colossal!

  6. In 1953, Stanley Miller simulated what were thought to be environmental conditions on the lifeless, primordial Earth. As shown in this recreation, Miller used electrical discharges (simulated lightning) to trigger reactions in a primitive “atmosphere” of H2O, H2, NH3 (ammonia), and CH4 (methane)—some of the gases released by volcanoes. EXPERIMENT A variety of organic compounds that play key roles in living cells were synthesized in Miller’s apparatus. RESULTS Organic compounds may have been synthesized abiotically on the early Earth, setting the stage for the origin of life. (We will explore this hypothesis in more detail in Chapter 26.) CONCLUSION Figure 4.2 • The concept of vitalism • Is the idea that organic compounds arise only within living organisms • Was disproved when chemists synthesized the compounds in the laboratory ?

  7. Concept 4.2: Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms Diverse means different. For example there are many diverse types of flowers: sunflowers, tulips, daisies, roses… What is your favorite type of flower?

  8. The Formation of Bonds with Carbon • Carbon has four valence electrons • This allows it to form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms 1, 2, 3, 4 valence electrons! Mwa, ha, ha

  9. Name and Comments Space-Filling Model Molecular Formula Structural Formula Ball-and-Stick Model H (a) Methane CH4 C H H H H H (b) Ethane C2H6 C H C H H H H H (c) Ethene (ethylene) C C C2H4 H H • The bonding versatility of carbon • Allows it to form many diverse molecules, including carbon skeletons ?

  10. Carbon (valence = 4) Nitrogen (valence = 3) Hydrogen (valence = 1) Oxygen (valence = 2) O H N C Figure 4.4 • The electron configuration of carbon • Gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements Bonding capacity

  11. H H C C C C H H C H H H H H H C H H H H H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H (a) Length H Ethane Propane H H H H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C C H H H H (b) Branching 2-methylpropane (commonly called isobutane) Butane H H H H C H (c) Double bonds H H C C C H H C C H H C C 1-Butene 2-Butene H H C C C (d) Rings Cyclohexane Benzene Molecular Diversity Arising from Carbon Skeleton Variation • Carbon chains • Form the skeletons of most organic molecules • Vary in length and shape

  12. Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons • Are molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

  13. Fat droplets (stained red) 100 µm (b) Mammalian adipose cells (a) A fat molecule Figure 4.6 A, B • Hydrocarbons • Are found in many of a cell’s organic molecules Does this molecule make my can look bigger?

  14. Concept 4.3: Functional groups are the parts of molecules involved in chemical reactions

  15. The Functional Groups Most Important in the Chemistry of Life • Functional groups • Are the chemically reactive groups of atoms within an organic molecule

  16. OH CH3 Estradiol HO Female lion OH CH3 CH3 O Testosterone Male lion Figure 4.9 • Give organic molecules distinctive chemical properties Ooh, nice mane! Grrr, baby. Very Grrr!

  17. Six functional groups are important in the chemistry of life • Hydroxyl • Carbonyl • Carboxyl • Amino • Sulfhydryl • Phosphate Elmo loves all six functional groups!

  18. hydroxyl Hey Bert! Did you know that hydroxyls are common in alcohols? You mean like the product of the fermentation happening in the fridge which you never clean!

  19. cARBONYL Like the sugars in those energy drinks that you main line? Hey Bert! Did you know that carbonyl groups are common in sugars.

  20. CARBOXYL Like the space between your ears? Hey Bert! Did you know that carboxyls are hydrophilic?

  21. AMINO Could be worse, they could attract flies like the sulfhydryls. Hey Bert! Did you know that amino groups actually attract hydrogen atoms.

  22. SULFHYDRYL You never clean the fridge. I know all about smells. Hey Bert! Did you know that thiols smell because of the sulfur?

  23. PHOSPHATE Hey Bert! I’m tired of your attitude. I’m gonna use some phosphate groups to kick your Muppet butt! Bring it orange boy. Bring it!

  24. Don’t forget. The versatility of carbon makes possible the great diversity of organic molecules. And, it isn’t easy being green.

  25. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

  26. Phospholipid

  27. Lysine

  28. Cysteine

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