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Brief Response

The US economic failure in 1929 had far-reaching effects on the global economy. This article explores how it affected trade, debts, and led to the rise of totalitarianism in Italy.

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Brief Response

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  1. Brief Response • How will the US economic failure in 1929 affect the global economy? • the developing world (Latin America, Asia) will not be able to sell their exports • Germany and Japan saw trade fall and would blame US, Britain, and France. • France and Britain could not pay their debts to US banks. • US banks failed and many Americans lost work and wealth.

  2. 10.7 The Rise of Totalitarianism: Mussolini, Stalin, Hitler p. 434 Fascism Begins in Italy

  3. A Winner is a Loser? • During World War I, Italy made a dishonorable choice…… (2) • It changed sides, becoming a traitor to its old allies, Germany and Austria-Hungary • It accepted a bribe of lands made by its new allies, France and Britain • When the War ended, Italy was mistreated by its new allies, not respected….. • Britain and France did not give Italy ALL the land it had been promised. • Some lands went to the new Serbian-led nation of Yugoslavia. • Italians were outraged and spiteful toward France and Britain.

  4. Other Italian problems in the early 1920s included: (6) • Soviet Union sent Comintern agents to help Italian Communists • Led strikes and street demonstrations • Peasants seized lands • Workers seized factories • Labor unions demanded better conditions • Trade declined • Returning veterans came home to unemployment • Taxes rose • The coalition government was full of arguing factions and parties.

  5. Benito Mussolini: • A lower class man. • Veteran. • He formed a new political party, combining….. • Socialism: • using the government to make life better for the people. Still allowing capitalism. • Nationalism: • using the government to protect the people from internal and external dangers.

  6. Fascism: • a centralized, authoritarian government that is nationalistic, anti-democratic, and socialist. • Italy—Fascists • Germany—Nazis • Japan—Ultranationalists

  7. 1919 • Mussolini began the ______movement, • Fascist • Supported by (2) • fellow unhappy veterans • other discontented Italians. • They began the National Fascist Party. (Partito Nazionale Fascista; PNF) • They promoted: (2) • An end to government corruption • Social law and order

  8. Fascism as a practice: (10) • Extreme nationalism • Action not talk • Violence • Discipline • War • Emotional not reasonable • National expansion • Struggle for survival, “survival of the fittest” • Anti-democracy • Anti-communist • Anti-equality • Anti-freedom • Unthinking obedience to the state • Supremacy of the state

  9. Black Shirts: • Fascists had teams of “combat squads”, wearing black. • They were copying earlier Italian nationalists. • They: • Were against democracy • Favored violent action against people they believed dangerous to Italy • Socialists • Leftist press • Farmer cooperatives • Intimidated and terrorized elected officials until they quit the government • Were supported by most Italians who no longer trusted the old society.

  10. March on Rome: • In 1922, Mussolini and Black Shirts demanded control of the national government. • King Vittorio Emmanuel III asked Mussolini to be prime minister and form a new government. • He became the legal leader of Italy.

  11. Totalitarian State: • One party rules the entire government • controls much or most of every citizen’s life.

  12. Mussolini’s government: (5) • Suppressed rival parties • Controlled the press • Rigged elections • Put Fascist supporters into the legislature • Won support from Pope Pius XI • (Mussolini recognized the Vatican as an independent nation state) • Used a secret police to control opposition • Critics imprisoned, exiled, or murdered

  13. “Cult of Personality”: • Use of various multimedia propaganda techniques to make the leader or ruling party • “larger than life” • Win popular support • Look like are just people, “political theater”

  14. Connection with Past Glory • Italian Fascists used it to connect their 20th century nation with the greatness of the ____ Empire. • Roman

  15. What made Fascism appealing to Italians? (6) • Strong, stable government • No political parties arguing as in a democracy • Quick decisions • Feeling of power and confidence from the leader • Promise to end dangers inside and outside of Italy • National pride.

  16. On a separate paper--Italo Balbo quote: p. 434 • What is Balbo angry about? (3) • What kind of government action is he looking for? (3)

  17. Answers: • What is Balbo angry about? • Bad economy, veterans could not find jobs. • Corrupt politicians • Britain and France cheat Italy, not giving it all the lands they promised. • What kind of government action is he looking for? • Honest government • End the chaos, bring law and order • Wants Italian pride, strength, and world respect

  18. Mussolini’s government: • Used propaganda to make him popular across Italy. In what forms? (11) • Statues, • art • Posters, • banners • Newspapers • magazines • Radio • Rallies (electronic PA systems), • parades • film. • Music

  19. Living for the State: • Loyalty to state more important than individual rights • Propaganda told all citizens to “____! ____! ____!” (3) • Believe! Obey! Fight! • Men encouraged to be violent, ruthless warriors ready to fight for Italian glory • Women lost jobs as government expected them to return home and raise many Italian babies. • Mothers of 14 or more got a medal from Mussolini, in person! • Children put into strict, militaristic youth groups • The Balilla • Ancient Roman glory • Patriotic songs, chants, and hymns • “Mussolini is always Right!”

  20. World Opinion • Many nations, even democracies, initially applauded Mussolini… (2) • Bringing social order • Eliminating communists and other radicals • Developing economic strength • This admiration would change when (2) • he began attacking north and east Africa, • threatened neighbors in Europe.

  21. Mussolini’s totalitarian state and “cult of personality” will be a model for ___ • Josef Stalin • will reign similarly, but develop his own, similar methods, • Though he lacked the flamboyant personality. • though adapted for his form of Communism • Adolf Hitler, • who will become dictator of Germany, in the 1930s • Tech point: Stop after Italian visit

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  23. Standards Check, p. 435 • Question:’ • It united Italians in their desire for a new, more effective government, no matter how aggressive.

  24. Standards Check, p. 436 • Question: • Fascist Italy: • Government a dictatorship • Terror tactics • State controlled economy • Altered domestic life • Secret Police • Organizzazione per la Vigilanza e la Repressione dell'Antifascismo; “OVRA”

  25. 6, Thinking Critically, 436-7 • Question • 1 • To create a constant flow of people willing to serve the government • 2 • to reinforce traditional roles • To create as many soldiers and loyal citizens as possible.

  26. Standards Check, p. 438 • Question: • Intense loyalty to the government and the leader • Use of terror, • promotion of social change

  27. Brief Response • What was attractive about fascism to many Italians and many people in the rest of the world?

  28. Dictatorship, p. 439 • Question • 1 • Dictators suppress opponents with violence, imprisonment, and death

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