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Jørgen Goul Andersen CCWS, Aalborg University, Denmark Policy Network Seminar: Boon or burden?

Is support for the welfare state being undermined by immigration – or does the welfare state mobilize solidarity with immigrants?. Jørgen Goul Andersen CCWS, Aalborg University, Denmark Policy Network Seminar: Boon or burden? Immigration and reform of European welfare states

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Jørgen Goul Andersen CCWS, Aalborg University, Denmark Policy Network Seminar: Boon or burden?

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  1. Is support for the welfare state being undermined by immigration – or does the welfare state mobilize solidarity with immigrants? Jørgen Goul Andersen CCWS, Aalborg University, Denmark Policy Network Seminar: Boon or burden? Immigration and reform of European welfare states London, October13, 2008

  2. Does immigration erode solidarity ? 1. Culture hypothesis: Cultural homogeneity = precondition of welfare solidarity (Alesina & Glaeser, 2004) People indeed do feel more solidarity with people resembling themselves (e.g. Wim van Oorschot, 2007) 2. Institutional hypothesis: Institutions matter: Type of welfare state matters • residual welfare state targeted to the poor = vulnerable • institutional welfare state covering social risks and providing services for the entire population = much less vulnerable Temporal order matters • may be difficult to builda welfare state • far less difficult to maintaina welfare state • Welfare state may even mobilize solidarity

  3. Issue of Immigration in Danish elections

  4. General support for welfare increasing:Improved Welfare or Tax Relief ”Suppose that it would be possible to reduce taxes, what would you prefer…?”

  5. Attitudes towards welfare spending 2007

  6. Change in spending attitudes 1990-2007

  7. Association between considering immigration an important problem and attitudes to immigration, 1998-2007.

  8. Welfare for the Danes: A dual welfare state? 2002: Immigration Package - strongly restricted access to immigration and family reunion - new social assistance scheme for immigrants - regardless of citizenship - but only for people immigrating from non-EU countries 2002: More people to work: Labour Market Package - limitations on social assistance in order to ensure that there would always be an incentive to take a low-paid job 2005: A New Chance for All: Integration Package - requirement that married people receiving social assistance should have 300 hours of ”normal” paid employment in order to maintain social assistance benefits. 2008: Compromise to reduce impact of European Community Law regarding right of migrant citizens: 300 hours requirement increased to 450 h.

  9. More general tendency towards dual welfare state? • Full public pensions requires 40 years of residence (1973 – not aimed at immigrants from outside EU) • Otherwise as universal welfare staterather inclusive welfare state for immigrants. (disability benefits, health care use; child care, elderly care etc.) • Refugees have the same rights as Danish citizens

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