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A note of textile terms and definitions

A note of textile terms and definitions

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A note of textile terms and definitions

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  1. A Not e of Text il e Ter ms & Def init ions Prepared By- Md. Kamrul Hasan MBA ( Malaysia) B.Sc. in Textile Engineering Batch: 15th Southeast University Dhaka, Bang ladesh

  2. Southeast U niv ersity D epartment of T ex tile E ngineering Special Thanks to - Md. Hanif Hossain Batch: 15th (SEU) And S.M Refaul Hasan (Rifaate) Batch: 15th (SEU) Prepared By- Md. Kamrul Hasan MBA (Malaysia) B.Sc. in Textile Engineering Major: Garments Manufacturing Technology Batch: 15th (Session: 2010 to 2014) Southeast University Dhaka, Bangladesh Email: hasanbd015@gmail.com It is a collection of class lectures of our respectable teacher Sharmin Binte Siraje (Shimu) and collection from other sources.

  3. Published on 30 September, 2017 Dedicated to my respectable & beloved Parents

  4. I NDEX SL No Topics Page No 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Introduction Definition of Textile Flow chart of textile processing Definition of fiber Definition of Filament Fiber History Different types of Natural fibers Different Types Of Man-Made 01 01 01 02 02 03 04 07 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 5 1 6 20 26 26 27 29 30 32 35 36 37 38 42 42 43 44 47 47 48 52 55 Yarn Department Process Flow Chart of Carded Yarn Manufacturing Process Flow Chart of Combed Yarn Manufacturing Difference Between Carded And Combed Yarn Yarn Related Terms Yarn Numbering System Fabric Department Woven Fabric Related Terms Flow Chart Of Weaving Classification Of Loom Classification Of Loom Motion Knitted Fabric Related Terms Classification Of Knitting Machines Historical Background Of Knitting Machine Difference Between Weaving And Knitting Some Standard Fabric Construction Wet Processing Department Flow chart of wet process for woven fabric Flow Chart of Wet Process for Knit Fabric Wet Process Related Terms Garments Department Flow Process Chart of Garments Garments Related Terms Difference Between Tailor And Garments Some Standard Abbreviation In Textile Arena

  5. “H onesty has a power that v ery few people can handle.”

  6. I ntroduction: The word textile is only applied to woven fabrics, now generally to fibers, yarns, or fabrics. The term textile originates from the latin verb ‘TEXERE’ means to weave but, as the Textile Institute’s Definitions glossary explains, it is now “a general term applied to any manufacture from fibres, filaments or yarns characterized by flexibility, fineness and high ratio of length to thickness”. Textiles, especially fabric are the fundamental component of a readymade garment, because it is the basic raw material of a garment. So it is important to know the manufacturing sequence of fabrics from fibre. The quality product is the main gole at present time. Without the knowledge of textile manufacturing i.e. fibre, yarn, and fabrics it is impossible to maintain the quality of a garment. So the definition of textile is as follows- Textile: A Textile was originally a woven fabric but now the term textile and its plural textiles are also applied to fibers, filaments, yarn and most products for which these are a principle raw material. The product includes threads, cords, ropes, braids woven, knitted, non-woven fabrics, nets, household textile, geo-textile, medical textiles etc. Flow chart of textile processing: Input/raw materials Processing steps Output Textile fibres Yarn manufacturing (Spinning mill) Fabric manufacturing (Weaving/knitting industry) Wet processing (Dyeing, printing & finishing industry) Yarn Yarn Grey fabrics Finished fabrics Grey fabrics Finished fabrics Garment manufacturing (Garment industry) Garments Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 1

  7. Fibre: Any substance, natural or manufactures, with a high length to width ratio and with suitable characteristics for being processed into fabric; the smallest component, hair like in nature, that can be separated from a fabric. A unit of matter characterized by flexibility, fineness and higher ratio of length to width is called fibre. Generally the length should be 500 to 1000 times longer than width. It should have certain properties also like sufficient strength, length, fineness, elasticity, crimp, friction, power to react with acid and alkalis and the power to protect the effect of biological agents etc. Example: Cotton, Jute, Linen, Nylon etc. There are two kinds of fibre- 1.Natural fibre: Cotton, jute, silk etc. 2.Man made fibre: Nylon, polyester etc. Filament: A fibre of indefinite length which is made by artificial way called filament. There are two kinds of filament- 1.Mono filament: 1-15 holes in spinneret. 2.Multi filament: 10-100 holes in spinneret (apparel) 100-1000 holes in spinneret (industrial use) Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 2

  8. FI BER HI STORY The history of fibers is as old as human civilization. Traces of natural fibres have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe. For many thousand years, the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax, cotton, silk, wool and plant fibers for different applications. Fiber history can be divided into natural fibers and man-made or chemical fibers. One of the most used natural fibers since ancient times and a glimpse at their brief history have been listed here. Natural Fibers: 1.Flax 2.Cotton 3.Wool 4.Silk Manufactured/ Man-made/ Chemical fibers: 1.Rayon 2.Acetate 3.Nylon 4.Acrylic 5.Polyester 6.Triacetate 7.Spandex 8.Polyolefin/Polypropylene 9.Lyocell 10.Microfibers Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 3

  9. NATUR AL FI BER S 1. Flax: The recorded usage of Flax can be dated back to 5000 BC and it is considered to be the oldest natural textile fiber. There has been reported usage of fine linen used in Egyptian pharaohs and tombs. One of the largest producers of Flax today include the Soviet States, Poland, Germany, Belgium and France while one of the key exporters are Northern Ireland and Belgium. 2. Cotton: Fig. Flax fiber. More than 1,300 years ago, it is recorded as a singular fact that an emperor named Ou-ti, wore on the occasion of his accession to the throne of China, a cotton robel. Earliest use of cotton has been estimated between 3,000 BC to 5,000 BC. It is recorded to have been worn by Egyptians prior to 2,500 BC. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized the processing of cotton. During 1884, the development of the power loom brought about significant improvements and variations to cotton fabrics. Major producers: United States, Soviet States, China and India. Lessor producers include Pakistan, Brazil, Turkey, Egypt, Mexico, Iran and Sudan. Fig. Cotton fiber. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 4

  10. 3. W ool: In the tombs and ruins of Egypt, Nineveh, and Babylon, in the barrows of early Britons, and among the relics of the Peruvians, fragments of woolen fabrics have been found. The Romans began to improve their flocks as early as 200 BC, that later became the progenitors of the popular Spanish Merino sheep. The dated usage of wool goes back to 3,000 BC and it is known to have been used by people of the late stone age. During the 18th century, England became the great wool-producing country of Europe, and wool was the staple of its industry until cotton began to overshadow it. In 1788, the first factory in America using water power to weave wool was established at Hartford, Conn. There are 40 different breeds of sheep, which produce approximately 200 types of wool of varying grades. The key producers of wool are Australia, New Zealand, Soviet States, China, South Africa, and Argentina. Fig. Wool fiber. 4. Silk: Silk production and its roots in textile history is ancient, variegated and unknown to many. Pliny, the Roman historian, quoted in his Natural History in 70 BC “Silk was obtained by removing the down from the leaves with the help of water…”. For more than two thousand years the Chinese kept the secret of silk altogether to themselves. It is believed to be discovered by a Chinese princess. It was a guarded secret that passed through many centuries till it was discovered. More recent archeological reveal a small ivory cup carved with a silkworm design predicted to be between 6000 and 7000 years old. Spinning tools, silk thread and fabric fragments were found from sites along the lower Yangzi River in China and goes on to unravel the origins of sericulture as being earlier than recorded in history. There is a story that two monks smuggled seeds of Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 5

  11. the mulberry tree and silkworm eggs out of China by hiding them in their walking sticks. Silk is made from two continuous filaments cemented together and used to form the cocoon of the silkworm. It is again said that India learnt of silk culture when a Chinese princess married an Indian prince. The major producer and exporter of silk is Japan. Fig. Silk fiber. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 6

  12. MANUFACTURED/ MAN-MADE/ CHEMI CAL FI BER S In the year 1665, the English researcher Robert Hooke was the first to describe in his book “Micrographia or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies” the idea of producing artificial silk from a gelatinous mass. Starting from then to now, man-made fiber production has reached an estimate of more than 24 million ton. Used for different applications such as modern apparel, home furnishings, medicine, aeronautics, energy, industry and more. Fiber engineers can combine, modify and tailor fibers in ways far beyond the performance limits of fiber drawn from the silkworm cocoon, grown in the fields, or spun from the fleece of animals. Listed here are the common fibres with their brief history and major producers. 1. Rayon: Rayon was the first manufactured fiber. It was developed in France in the 1890s and originally also called as artificial silk. In 1924, the term rayon was officially adopted by the textile industry as a man-made fiber. It is different from most chemical fibers as rayon is not synthetic. It is made from wood pulp, a naturally-occurring, cellulose-based raw material. As a result, rayon’s properties are more similar to those of natural cellulosic fibers, such as cotton or linen, than those of thermoplastic, petroleum-based synthetic fibers such as nylon or polyester. By using two different chemicals and manufacturing techniques, four type of rayons was developed—Regular rayon, High Wet Modulus (HWM) rayon, High Tenacity Rayon, Cupramonium Rayon. Currently, two major companies manufacture rayon fiber for U.S markets. British companies manufactures viscose rayon in short staple lengths and microfibers. Lenzing, based in Austria, produces viscose rayon, high wet modulus or polynosic rayon, microfibers, and long filament fibers which are used in linings and dress fabrics like taffeta. Lenzing is the only company currently manufacturing rayon in the United States. Overall, rayon is manufactured primarily in Europe and Japan. Fig. Rayon fiber. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 7

  13. 2. Acetate: The first commercial textile uses for acetate in fiber form were developed by the Celanese Company in 1924. In 1893, Arthur D. Little of Boston invented a cellulosic product called acetate. He developed it as a film. By the year 1910, Camille and Henry Dreyfus started making acetate motion picture film and different toilet articles in Basel, Switzerland. It was during World War I, they built a plant in England to produce cellulose acetate dope for airplane wings and other commercial products. Upon entering the War, the United States invited the Dreyfus brothers to build a plant in Maryland to make the product for American warplanes. Fig. Acetate fiber. 3. Nylon: Nylon’s advent created a revolution in the fiber industry. Rayon and acetate had been derived from plant cellulose, but nylon was synthesized completely from petrochemicals. It established the basis for the ensuing discovery of an entire new world of manufactured fibers. It was in the laboratory of American chemist Wallace Carothers that Nylon, the miracle fiber was born. While working in the laboratories of the DuPont Company on giant molecules called polymers, Wallace focused his work on a fiber simply called as “66”, which is a number derived from its molecular structure. DuPont began commercial production of nylon in 1939. The first testing used nylon fiber as sewing thread, in the creation of parachute fabric, and also in women’s hosiery. In February 1939, Nylon stockings were first shown at the San Francisco Exposition. During the World War II, nylon replaced Asian silk in parachutes. It also found use in tires, tents, ropes, ponchos, and other military supplies, and even was used in the production of a high-grade paper for U.S currency. Fig. Nylon fiber. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 8

  14. 4. Acrylic: In 1944, Acrylic was developed by DuPont and was first commercially produced in 1950. Acrylonitrile, the substance from which acrylic fibers are produced, was first made in 1893 in Germany. It was used as another chemical in research for the DuPont Company. A new fiber, acrylic was added to the list of generic names, as DuPont began production of this wool-like product. It was at first used for outdoor purposes. While technology has allowed acrylic to come a long way, and it is now most commonly used in apparel and carpets. DuPont ceased production of acrylic in 1991, and only a handful of companies produce acrylic today. The growing demand for acrylic increased in so do the number of trade names for which acrylic is most known. Pil-Trol is just one of the many trade names of acrylic and was developed by Monsanto Chemical Company. It allows for the comfort and easy care of acrylic without the pilling. Pills are the little that form on fabric when fiber ends break and migrate to the surface. Pilling is a disadvantage of acrylic, but has been eliminated by the technology of Pil-Trol. Other trade names that describe acrylic include: Acrilan Acrilan Plus Biofresh Bounce-Back Creslan CresLoft Duraspun Fi-lana Innova MicroSafe MicroSupreme Salus Sayelle So-Lara Smart Yarns Ware-dated WeatherBloc Wintuck 5. Polyester: Polyester began as a group of polymers in W.H Carothers’ laboratory, the inventor of nylon fibers. Carothers was working for DuPont at the time when he discovered that alcohols and carboxyl acids could be successfully merged to create fibers. Polyester was put on the back shelf once Carothers discovered nylon. In 1939, his work was resumed by a group of British scientists, J.R. Whinfield, J.T. Dickson, W.K. Birtwhistle, and C.G. Ritchie. In 1941, they successfully created the first polester fiber called Terylene. In 1946, DuPont bought all legal rights from them and came up with another polyester fiber which they named Dacron. In 1951, Polyester was first introduced to the Americans. It was advertised as a miracle fiber that could be worn for 68 days straight without ironing and it would still not wrinkle. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 9

  15. In 1958 another polyester fiber called Kodel was developed by Eastman Chemical Products, Inc. Ever since, the polyester market has been growing. Since it is an inexpensive and durable fiber, small textile mills emerged all over US. Polyester reached a constant growth until the 1970s when sales drastically fell down due to the negative public image that came up during the late 60s as a result of the infamous polyester double-knit fabric! Today, polyester is still widely regarded as a “cheap, uncomfortable” fiber, but even now this image is slowly beginning to change with the emergence of polyester luxury fibers such as polyester microfiber. 6. Triacetate: Fig. Polyester fiber. In the year 1901, Arthur Eichengrun and Becker succeed in directly acetylating cellulose to triacetate at Farbenfabriken , formerly Friedr. Bayer and co. In 1954, Celanese launched Amel triacetate filament yarn after overcoming significant technical barriers. The first commercial production of triacetate fiber in the United States by the Celanese Corporation in 1954. Amel is made from triacetate fibres from purified wood cellulose which has been chemically bonded to acetyl. Domestic Triacetate production was discontinued in 1985. 7. Spandex: Spandex was invented in 1959, and when first introduced it revolutionized many areas of the clothing industry. It is the stretchable fiber of bathing suits and sports clothes, is stronger and more durable than rubber, its major plant competitor. The first U.S commercial spandex fiber production began in 1959 by the DuPont company. Spandex is an elastomeric man-made fiber (able to stretch at least 100% and snap back like natural rubber). A well-known trademark for spandex or elastane is Invista’s brand name Lycra; another trademark (also Invista’s) is Elaspan. Current U.S spandex fiber producers: Invista; Bayer Corporation. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 10

  16. Fig. Spandex fiber. 8. Polyolefin/ Polypropylene: Polyolefin is a polymer. In 1966, polyolefin became the world’s first and only Nobel Prize-winning fiber due to its unique equalities. It can float and is abrasion-resistant. It is a good insulator, dries very quickly and resists deterioration from chemicals and perspiration. It is used mainly in furnishings and high performance active wear. In 1980, the production of polyolefin hollow fiber membranes started. Fig. Polyolefin fiber. 9. Lyocell: First produced in the US by Courtaulds Fibers, Lyocell was known by the trade name “Tencel”. The first commercial production of lyocell began in the U.S. during 1993, by Courtaulds Fibers. It is an environment friendly fiber, created from the wood pulp of trees. It is processed using a solvent spinning technique in which the dissolving agent is recycled, reducing environment effluents. Fig. Lyocell fiber. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 11

  17. 10. Microfibers: Microfiber was introduced in 1986. Microfibers are a variety of polyester that has extremely thin filaments. As a synthetic it provides us with control over its supply. Microfibers is derived using technology and the result is to extrude extremely fine filaments (less than 1.0 denier) while maintaining all of the strength, uniformity and processing characteristics expected by textile manufacturers and consumers. Microfiber as the sole constituent of a cloth will wear and shed fiber with use, so it is best utilized in combination with Nylon. It is tough, and can be manufactured to extremely fine tolerances, many times thinner than other synthetics. It is this strength, precision and absolute sheerness as well as its phenomenal absorbency that give rise to so many applications, including an amazing ability to clean and dry surfaces. Fig. Microfibers. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 12

  18. YARN DEPARTMENT Y arn: A product of substantial length and relatively small cross-section consisting of fibres or filaments with or without twist. Explanation: Assemblies of fibres or filaments are usually given other names (tow, sliver, roving). Except in the case of continuous filaments or tape yarns, any tensile strength processed by assemblies at these stages is generally the minimum that can hold them together during processing. Y arn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibres, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, knitting, weaving, and ropemaking. Yarn can be made from any number of synthetic or natural fibres. Tw ist: The condition of a yarn or similar structure when the component element have helical disposition such as results, for instance from relative rotation of the yarn ends. A yarn may be twisted by down twisting. E.g. ring twisting. There are two directions of twist- 1.S-Twist and 2.Z-Twist. 1.S -tw ist: When the yarn is held in a vertical position, the twist of yarn which is spirals in the line with the central portion of the letter ‘S’ is known as S-Twist. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 13

  19. 2. Z-tw ist: When the yarn is held in a vertical position, the twist of yarn which is spirals in the line with the central portion of the letter ‘Z’ is known as Z-Twist. Draft: To reduce the liner density (The quantity of anything distributed along a line per unit length of line.) of a fibrous assembly by drawing, when drafting the degree of attenuation calculated either as the ratio of the input to output linear densities or as the ratio of the surface speeds of the output and input machine components which bring about drafting. Process Flow Chart of Carded Y arn Manufacturing Fig. Drafting system Input Material Raw Cotton from bale Processing Machines Blow room Output Materials Lap/ card mat Lap/card mat Carding Card sliver Card sliver Breaker draw frame Breaker sliver Breaker sliver Finisher sliver Finisher Draw frame Simplex Finisher sliver Roving Roving Ring frame Yarn(spinning bobbin) Yarn Winding (Auto coner) Cone Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 14

  20. Process Flow Chart of Combed Y arn Manufacturing Input Material Raw Cotton from bale Processing Machines Blow room Output Materials Lap/ card mat Lap/card mat Carding Card sliver Card sliver Breaker draw frame Lap former Breaker sliver Mini lap Breaker sliver Mini lap Comber Combed sliver Combed sliver Finisher sliver Roving Yarn Finisher sliver Roving Finisher Draw frame Simplex Ring frame Winding (Auto coner) Yarn(spinning bobbin) Cone DI FFERENCE BETW EEN CARDED AND COMBED Y ARN Carded yarn Combed yarn 1.Strength is low. 2.Irregularity high. 3.Combing machine/action is not used here. 4.Average quality yarn. 5.Less machineries in spinning line. 6.Less clean yarn is produced. 7.Uniformity of yarn is comparatively low. 1.Strength is high. 2.Irregularity low. 3.Combing machine/action is used here. 4.Better quality yarn. 5.More machineries in spinning line. 6.More clean yarn is produced. 7.Uniformity of yarn is high. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 15

  21. Blow Room: Operation involved in blow room: 1.Opening 2.Cleaning 3.Dust removal 4.Blending\Mixing 5.Creating the proper bale laydown. Fig. Blow room. Objectives of blow room: 1.To open the compressed bales of fibers. 2.Remove dirt and dust, broken leaf, seed particles or any other foreign impurities from the fibers. 3.To transfer the opened and cleaned fibers into a sheet form of definite width uniform weight per unit length which is called lap. 4.To roll the lap of predetermined length into a cylindrical shape around a lap pin. 5.To transfer the lap from the lap pin to a lap rod to a suitable and feed it to the subsequent m/c (carding). Mixing: If different grade of same fibers are kept together, then it is called mixing. Types of Mixing: 1.Volume mixing 2.Weight mixing 3.Hand stock mixing 4.Bin mixing 5.Mixing by hopper 6.Lap mixing 7.Card mixing 8.Sliver mixing. Blending: When different fibers of same or different grades are kept together, then it is called blending. Types of Blending: 1.Hand stock blending 2.Bin blending 3.Lap blending 4.Card blending 5.Draw frame blending. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 16

  22. Carding: Operation involved in carding: 1.Open 2.Clean 3.Straighten 4.Blend 5.Draft(Flat) 6.Package(Sliver can). Objectives of carding: Fig. Carding m/c. 1.To open the tuft of fibers. 2.To make the fiber parallel & straight. 3.To remove remaining trash particles. 4.To remove short fibers. 5.To remove naps. 6.To produce a rove like fiber called silver, which is uniform in per unit length. Draw ing: Objectives of draw ing: 1.Improve sliver uniformity A. Doubling 2.Straighten fibres A. Drafting 3.Package sliver(Drawn-sliver can). Fig. Draw frame m/c. Basic operations of combing: 1.Feeding the stock from a prepared lap. 2.Combing out short fibres, foreign particles and neps; parallelizing fibres. 3.Detaching the combed fibres from the lap. 4.Piecing up the fleecy tuft of combed fibres with the fibres in the returned web. 5.Condensing the combed web into sliver and doubling the sliver on the table. 6.Drafting the doubled slivers through the draw box. 7.Calendaring and packaging the combed sliver into a container for further handling and processing. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 17

  23. Objectives of combing: 1.To remove naps in the carded sliver. 2.To make the fiber more parallel and straight. 3.To produce a uniform sliver of required per unit length. 4.To remove the fiber shorter than a predetermined length. 5.To remove remaining impurities in the comber lap. Speed frame/ Simplex: Operation involved in speed frame: 1.Drafting 2.Twisting 3.Laying out 4.Winding 5.Building motion. Fig. Speed frame m/c. Objectives of speed frame: 1.Attenuation of draw farm sliver to a suitable size for spinning. 2.To insert a small amount of twist to strengthen the roving. 3.To wind the twisted roving on to the bobbin. 4.To make a conical shape of the bobbin. Ring frame/ Ring spinning: Operation involved in speed frame: 1.Drafting 2.Twisting 3.Winding 4.Laying out 5.Building. Objectives of ring frame: Fig. Ring frame m/c. 1.To draft the roving fed to the ring spinning frame i,e to convert roving into very fine strand called yarn. 2.To impart strength to the yarn by inserting the necessary amount of twist. 3.To collect twisted strand called yarn onto handy and transportable package by winding the twisted thread on a cylindrical bobbin or tube. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 18

  24. Degree of yarn tw ist affects the yarns: Diameter or fineness Contraction Softness or hardness(hand) Bending behavior Absorbency Covering power Permeability Tensile strength Elastic performance/Extension and recovery. Resistance to creases and abrasion Pilling behavior Luster. Different methods of spinning : 1.Ring spinning. 2.Open-end spinning. 3.Friction spinning. 4.Self twist sinning: wool or wool like. 5. Electrostatic spinning. 6.Vortex spinning. 7.Airjet spinning: wool, man-made staple. 8.Twistless spinning. 9.Wet spinning. 10.Dry spinning: acetate making. 11.Melt spinning: polyester. 12.Bio-component spinning. 13.Bio-constituent spinning. 14.Integrated composite spinning. 15.Aerodynamic spinning. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 19

  25. YARN NUMBERING SYSTEM: Y arn count: Count is a numerical value which expresses the coarseness or fineness (diameter) of the yarn and also indicates the relationship between length and weight (the mass per unit length or the length per unit mass) of that yarn. Types of yarn count: 1.Direct count system (fixed length system): Jute, Hemp, Wool etc. 2.Indirect count system (fixed weight system): Cotton, Worsted, Linen etc. 1. Direct count system: The weight of a fixed length of yarn is determined. The weight per unit length is the yarn count i.e. Tex, Denier, Decitex, Kilotex, Militex etc. Common features of all direct count system are the length of yarn is fixed and the weight of yarn varies according to fineness. Higher the count, coarser the yarn. The following formula is used to calculate the yarn count: Yarn count (N) = Sample yarn weight (W) Unit of weight (w) Sample yarn length (L) Unit of length (l) W w L l = = W l w L Numbering system Tex system Denier, D Decitex, dtex Militex, mtex Kilotex, ktex Jute count(pounds per spindle) Unit of length (l) 1000 m 9000 m 10,000 m 1000 m 1000 m 14,400 yards Unit of weight (w) No of grams (1gm) No of gram (1gm) No of gram (1gm) No of milligram (1mg) No of kilogram (1kg) No of pounds (lb)(1lb) Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 20

  26. Definition of the above system: Tex system Denier Decitex Militex Kilotex Jute count For example: A yarn with 40 tex count indicates that 1000m of yarn weighs 40gm. A yarn with 200D means 9000m of yarn weighs 200gm. Problem: If the weight of 100 yards of jute yarn is 3 ozs, what will be the count? :No of grams or weight in grams per 1000 m. :No of grams or weight in grams per 9000 m. :No of grams or weight in grams per 10,000 m. :No of milligrams or weight in milligrams per 1000 m. :No of kilograms or weight in kilograms per 1000 m. :No of lb or weight in lb per 14,400 yards. Solution: Here, Sample weight, W = 3 ozs Unit of weight, w = 1 lb = 16 ozs Sample length, L = 100 yds Unit of length, l = 14400 yds We know, Jute count (pound per spyndle) = = = 27 spyndle W l w L 3 14400 16 100 (Ans) Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 21

  27. 2. I ndirect count system: The length of a fixed weight of yarn is measured. The length per unit weight is the yarn count. Common features of all indirect count system are the weight of yarn is fixed and the length of yarn varies according to fineness. Higher the count, finer the yarn. The following formula is used to calculate the yarn count: Yarn count (N) = Unit of weight (w) Sample yarn length (L) Unit of length (l) Sample yarn weight (W) L l W w = = Numbering system English cotton count, Ne Metric count, Nm Woollen count (YSW) Woollen count (Dewsbury) 1 yard Worsted count, NeK Linen count, NeL w L W l Unit of length (l) 840 yards 1000 meters/1km 256 yards Unit of weight (w) 1 pound (lb) 1 kg 1 pound (lb) 1 ounce (oz) 1 pound (lb) 1 pound (lb) 560 yards 300 yards Definition of the above system: English count system Metric count Woollen count (YSW) Woollen count (Dewsbury) :No. of yd lengths per oz. Worsted count, NeK Linen count, NeL :No. of 840yd lengths per pound. :No. of kilometers per kilogram. :No. of 256yd lengths per pound. :No. of 560yd lengths per pound. :No. of 300yd lengths per pound. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 22

  28. For example: The Ne indicates how many hanks of 840 yards length weigh one English pound. So that 32Ne means 32 hanks of 840 yards i.e. 32 840 yards length weigh one pound. The Nm indicates how many hanks of 1000 meters length weigh one kg. So that 50Nm means 50 hanks of 1000 meters i.e. 50 1000 meters length weigh one kg and 100Nm means 100 hanks of 1000 meters i.e. 100 1000 meters length weigh one kg. Some important conversion factors: 1yard = 0.91 meter 1 meter = 1.091 yard 1 meter = 39.37 inch 1 km = 1000 m 1 cm = 0.3937 inch 1 gm = 1000 mg 1 gm = 15.46 grain 1 lb = 7000 grain 1 grain = 7000 lb 1 lb = 16 oz 1 lb = 453.6 gm 1 lb = 0.4536 kg 1 gm = 0.0353 oz 1 oz = 28.350 gm 1 kg = 1000gm 1 kg = 2.2046 lb 1 m/kg = 0.4961 yd/lb 1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 m2 = 1.1960 yd2 1 yd2 = 0.8361 m2 1gm/m2 = 0.0295 oz/yd2 1 oz/yd2 = 33.91 gm/m2 1 yd/lb = 2.0159 m/k 1 hank = 840 yard 1 lea = 120 yard 7 lea = 1 hank or 840 yard Denier = 9 Tex Tex = Ne Nm = 1.69 Denier = 590.5 Ne 5315 Ne Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 23

  29. Calculations concerning count: In practice, three problems may have to be solved in yarn calculation: Count to be found, length and weight must be known. Weight to be found, count and length must be known. Length to be found, count and weight must be known. Problem:1 On a cone, there are 9800m yarn which weigh 490gm. What is the Ne, Nm, Tex and Denier of the yarn? Solution: For Ne: We know that, w L W l Here, L = 9800m W = 490gm w = 1lb = 453.6gm l = 840yds = 840 0.91m Ne = Ne = (453.6 9800)/(490 840 0.91) Ne = 11.87 Ne12 (Ans) For Nm: We know that, w L W l Here, L = 9800m W = 490gm w = 1kg = 1000gm l = 1000m Nm = Nm = (1000 9800)/(490 1000) Nm = 20 (Ans) For Tex: We know that, W l w L Here, L = 9800m W = 490gm w = 1gm l = 1000m Tex = Tex = (490 1000)/(1 9800) Tex = 50 (Ans) Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 24

  30. For Denier: We know that, Here, L = 9800m W = 490gm w = 1gm l = 9000m W l w L Denier = Denier = (490 9000)/(1 9800) Denier = 450 (Ans) Problem: 2 What length of yarn is contained in 1.2kg of a yarn of Ne 30? Solution: We know that, Here, Ne = 30 W = 1.2kg = 1200gm w = 1lb = 453.6gm l = 840yds = 840 0.91m w L W l Ne W l w Ne = L = L = (30 1200 840 0.91)/453.6 L = 60666.67m (Ans) Problem: 3 How many kg do 700000m of a yarn of Ne 30 weigh? Solution: We know that, Here, Ne = 30 L = 700000m w = 1lb = 453.6gm l = 840yds = 840 0.91m w L W l w L Ne l Ne = W = W = (453.6 700000) /(30 840 0.91) W = 13846.15 gm W = 13.85 kg (Ans) Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 25

  31. Fabric: A manufactured assembly of yarns that has significant surface area in relation to its thickness and sufficient cohesion to give the assembly useful mechanical strength. FABRIC DEPARTMENT Types of fabric: 1.W oven fabric: The fabric which is produced by interlacement of two sets of yarn is called woven fabric. The two sets of yarns are- a) warp yarn and b) weft yarn. 2.K nitted fabric: The fabrics which are produced by one sets of yarn by interlooping is called knitted fabric. 3.Non-w oven fabric: Here fabrics are produced by connecting yarn with gummy bonded materials. It can be done in mechanical, chemical or thermal ways. 4.Braided fabric: At least three sets of yarn is required. Fabric is produced diagonal interlacement/interwining/twisting. W OVEN FABRI C W arp yarn: The yarns which lay in vertical direction of cloth and parallel to the selvedge are warp yarns. They are generally very long. W eft yarn: A number of yarns/threads lying at right angles to the warp threads. W eave: The pattern of interlacing of warp and weft in woven fabric. Ends: Individual warp threads/yarn. Picks: Individual weft threads/yarn. Shuttle: Pirn container. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 26

  32. Loom: Frame on which a cloth is woven. FLOW CHART OF W EAVI NG Y arn (In the form of spinner’s package) W arp Preparation W eft Preparation Winding (cone, cheese) Winding (Cop, Pirn, Cone, Cheese) Warping (Pre beam/ Warper’s beam/ back beam) Weaving (Fabric) Sizing (weaver’s beam) Drafting, Drawing, Pinning Denting, Looming Weaving (Fabric) W inding: Winding is the process of transferring yarns from ring, bobbin, hank etc. into a suitable package. It may be electrical or mechanical. Warp Cone, Cheese, Flanged bobbin. Weft Cop, Pirn. W arping: Winding is a part of total number of ends of a warp in full width on to a back beam from cone or cheese is known as warping. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 27

  33. Sizing: The process by which a gelatinous film forming substance in solution or dispersion, applied normally to warps, generally before weaving to protect yarns from abrasion in the healds and reed, against each other, to strengthen them and by addition of oils and fats to lubricate them. Sizing is used for softening, antiseptic for insects, mildew, breakage, weight, coloring matters. Draw ing-in: Drawing in is the entering of yarns from a new warp beam into the weaving elements of a weaving machine, namely drop wires, heald frame and reed, when starting up a new fabric style. Tying-in: After the depletion of a warp beam on the weaving machine, if there will be no change in design, then the drawing in process needs not be repeated. The ends of the old warp beam are cut and the ends of the new warp beam are tied to the corresponding ends of the old beam which is called tying-in process. Knotting: The function of tying machine is knotting. Typical knotting speed of a knotter is from 60 to 600 knots per minute. Some automatic tying machines can knot extremely short tails of yarns (5 mm). Cone w inder: A machine used for transferring yarn from one package to another. Beam w arping: Winding a part of the total number of ends of a warp in full width on to a back beam. Direct w arping: Winding single end yarn packages of same color on to a common flanged beam before or after sizing is called direct warping. It is done for producing single color fabric. Creel capacity greater than 12,000. Sectional w arping: For producing fancy yarn, winding differently colored yarns section wise on a tapered beam before sizing is called sectional warping. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 28

  34. CLAS SI FI CATI ON OF LOOM Loom Hand Loom Power Loom Automatic Power Loom Ordinary Power Loom Modern or Shuttle less Loom Modern or S huttle less Loom Ordinary Motor Hand Loom 1. Common Motor. 2. Individual motor. 1. Primitive or Vertical loom. 1.Projectile Loom. 2.Rapier Loom. 3.Air jet Loom. 2. Pit loom (a) Throw shuttle loom. 4.Multiphase. (b) Fly shuttle loom. 3. Frame loom (a) Throw shuttle loom. (b) Fly shuttle loom. 4. Chitttaranjan loom. 5. Hattersley loom. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 29

  35. CLAS SI FI CATI ON OF LOOM MOTI ON Loom motion Primary Motion Tertiary Motion Secondary Motion Primary motion S econdary Motion 1.Shedding: (a)Tappet (b)Dobby. (c)Jacquard. 2.Picking: (a)Over pick (b)Under pick. (c)Modern pick. 3.Beating: (a)Single (b)Multiple (c)Variable. 1.Take up (a)Positive (b)Negative. 2.Let off (a)Positive (b)Negative. (5 wheel, 7 wheel) Tertiary Motion 1.Warp stop motion 2.Weft stop motion (Centre, side) 3.Reed stop motion (Loose, fast) 4.Temple motion (Roller, reed) 5.Weft replenish Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 30

  36. 1.Primary Motion In order to interlace warp and weft thread to produce fabric on any type of weaving machine 3 primary motion is necessary: I ) S hedding: Shedding is the first primary mechanism of weaving. It is the process of separating the warp thread into two layers to form a tunnel called shed (through which shuttle carrying weft passes) is known as shedding. During shedding some yarns are raised up and some are depressed down create a tunnel. I I ) Picking: Picking is the second primary mechanism of weaving. The method of passing the weft threads which traverse across the fabric through shed is called picking. The inserted weft is called a pick. I I I ) Beating: It is the process of pushing the pick into the already woven fabric at a point known as fell of the cloth .By pressure of wraith to jointed feed side of the cloth is called beating. 2.Secondary Motion I ) Take up motion: The motion which with draw (wound up) fabric from the weaving area at a constant rate and thus give required pick spacings and winds the fabric on to a roller is called cloth control or Take up motion. Positive Take up motions is mechanically driven. Negative Take up motions is spring drive. I I ) Let off motion: The motion which deliver warp to the weaving at the required rate and at a suitable constant tension by unwinding it from a flanged known as weavers beam is called let off motion. 3. Tertiary Motion Tertiary motion is not must for fabric production but it is used for higher production. 1.W arp S top Motion: Machine will be stopped electrically or mechanically. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 31

  37. 2. W eft stop motion: It may be two types- (a) Side weft motion & (b) Centre weft motion. 3. Reed stop motion: Two types- (a) Fast reed motion. (b) Loose reed motion. KNI TTED FABRI C Knitting: The second most frequently used method of fabric construction. The propularity of knitting has been growing tremendously because of versatility of techniques, adaptability of the many new MMF and growth in consumer demand for wrinkle resistant, stretchable, sung fitting fabrics particularly in the greatly expanding areas of sportswear and other casual wearing apparel. Today, the usage of knitting fabrics ranges from hosiery, underwear, sweater, slacks, suits and coats, rugs and home furnishing. K nitting is the method of creating fabric by transforming continuous strands of yarn into a series of interlocking loops, each row of such loop hanging by the one immediately preceding it. The basic element of knit fabric structure is the loop intermeshed with the loops adjacent to it on both side and above and below it. Fig: knitting structure. Types of knitting: There are two types of knitting- 1.Warp knitting and 2.Weft knitting. W arp knitting: Warp knitting is a method of forming fabric by knitting in which the loops are made in vertical way along the length of the fabric from each warp yarn and intermeshing of loops takes place in a flat form on a length wise basis. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 32

  38. W eft knitting: Weft knitting is a method of forming fabric by knitting in which the loops are made in horizontal way from a single yarn and intermeshing of loops takes place in a circular or flat form on a course wise basis. Course: The loops that runs along the fabric width is called course. W ales: The loop which runs across the length of fabric is called wales. Needle: The needle is primary element of knitting machine, it is a thin metal plate with hooked part and it helps to form loops. Types of needle- 1.Latch needle 2.Bearded needle and 3.Compound needle. Sinker: The sinker is the second primary element of knitting machine, it is a thin metal plate which acts individually or collectively approximately at right angles from the hook side between adjacent needles. Function of sinker: 1.Loop formation 2.Holding down 3.Knocking over. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 33

  39. Cam: Cams are devices which convert the rotary machine drive in reciprocating action of the needles and other elements. Gauge: The needle gauge of a knitting machine is a measure expressed the no of needle per inch of the needle bed or needle bar. Suppose for latch knitting machine gauge, N = number of needles per inch. GSM: It means the grams per square meter of a fabric. GSM is an important parameter in terms of fabric weight. GSM can be calculated by following formula- GSM = gm/sq-meter = gm/sq-meter WPI CPI SL(cm) Ne WPI CPI SL(cm) 10 59.05 Tex Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 34

  40. CLAS SI FI CATI ON OF KNI TTI NG MACHI NES Knitting machine Weft knitting machine Warp knitting machine Racshel warp knitting machine Flat knitting machine Circular knitting machine Tricot warp knitting machine V bed rib knitting machine Flat bed purl knitting machine Large diameter circular knitting machine Small diameter circular knitting machine Hand drive flat knitting machine Single cylinder circular knitting machine Double jersey circular knitting machine Single jersey circular knitting machine Automatic flat knitting machine Double cylinder circular knitting machine Dial & cylinder circular knitting machine Interlock Rib Non jacquard Jacquard Non jacquard Jacquard Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 35

  41. HI STORI CAL BACK GR OUND OF KNI TTI NG MACHI NE 1589 – William Lee, Inventor of mechanical stitch formation technique. 1758 – Jedediah Strut, Inventor of double knitting technique, i.e. Derby rib machine. 1798 – Monsieur Decroix, arrange the needles radially into a corona. The circular knitting frame is formed. 1805 – Joseph Marie Jacquered, Individual movement of knitting and transfer needles, sinker or guide needles for patterning. 1847 – Mathew Townsend, simplification of mechanism, higher production speed. 1850 – Circular knitting machine. 1852 – Theodor Grof, steel needles invented. 1878 – Circular knitting machines which can produce plain or rib fabric tubes. 1910 – Interlock fabric, It is a double faced fabric. 1918 – Firm width, double cylinder, small cylinder circular knitting machine with a double hook needle and slider. 1935 – General terms and principles of knitted structure. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 36

  42. DI FFERENCE BETW EEN W EAVI NG AND KNI TTI NG Topics 1.Definition W eaving K nitting The fabric forming process by interlacement of warp threads. Very less or no elasticity. The fabric forming process by intermeshing of loops. 2.Elasticity The fabric shows high amount of stretch and elasticity due to loop structure. Less dimensional stability. 3.Dimentional stability 4.Durability Good which causes less shrinkage. More durable. dimensional stability Less Fabrics. The knitted fabrics absorb more moisture because of their loose construction. It creates problem after wearing for along time. durable than woven 5.Moisture absorption The moisture. fabric absorbs less 6.Slacking and low sening 7.Air permeability The stability due to intersecting of yarns at right angle. Air is less permeable due to compact construction woven fabric. Woven fabrics inclined to crease .So ironing and iron retention are better knitted fabric. Production cost is more due to warp preparation desizing process. TPI of yarn is comparatively higher than knitting yarn. fabric provides good Air permeability is more due to voluminous structure of knitted fabric. Knitted fabrics resistant to crease. requires no ironing. 8.Crease are more are more So it 9.Production cost Production cost is less due to modest manufacturing process. and 10.Yarn TPI of yarn is comparatively lower than woven fabric. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 37

  43. SOME STANDAR D FABRI C CONSTRUCTI ON Adhi: It is a plain cloth, medium quality of muslin. Suitable for Punjabi, Summer shirting etc. (90 – 100) (100 – 120) 90 100 Construction: Bandage cloth: Bleached plain cloth, it is also known as surgical cloth. 40 27 32 40 Construction: Cambric cloth: Cambric or chambray is a lightweight plain weave cotton cloth used as fabric for lace and needlework. Cambric also known as batiste in a large part of the world, was first used in Cambrai, France, as early as 1595. It is possibly named after Baptiste of Cambrai. It is a closely woven, firm fabric with a slight glossy surface produced by calendaring. Modern cambric is made from Egyptian or American cotton and sometimes flax, but also polymer fibers can be added. 90 100 60 50 Construction: Chiffon: Chiffon is made from cotton, silk or synthetic fibres. Silk fabric on plain weave with soft feeling. It is degummed after weaving with hard twisted gummed silk. It is a lightweight, balanced plain-woven sheer fabric woven of alternate S and Z-twist crepe (high-twist) yarns. 100 100 14 16 Construction: Satin: Satin is a weave that typically has a glossy surface and a dull back. 128 80 80 36 Construction: Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 38

  44. Drill: The most common use of drill in uniforms and casual wear is in the form of khaki. 90 50 16 16 Construction: J amdani: Jamdani is a hand loom woven fabric made of cotton, which historically was referred to as muslin. The Jamdani weaving tradition is of Bengali origin. It is one of the most time and labor intensive forms of weaving hand loom weaving. 80 72 80 60 Construction: Khaddar: Coarse plain cloth, originally it is named from hand spun yarn. 44 40 20 20 Construction: Organdy: Thin transparent stiff muslin like fine cotton fabric with plain weave. 90 76 80 120 Construction: Voile: Plain cloth, combed and hard twisted superfine single yarn is used in both warp and weft. 60 60 50 50 Construction: Poplin: Fine warp, coarse weft plain weave. Rib are formed in weft way. Used as light tropical dress materials. 110 76 45 45 Construction: Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 39

  45. Flannel: Light or medium weight plain or twill weave fabrics, originally in wool, often in mixture yarns, raised on one or both sides by varying degrees. Cotton flannel is used for shirts, nightwear and bed clothing and wool flannel is for outerwear. 40 42 20 10 Construction: Tw ill: Soft, light twill weaves, usually printed, often in filament yarns for dresses, blouses, ties, scarfs. 130 70 30 30 Construction: Denim: Durable woven cotton twill, originally with an indigo dyed warp and white weft (blue denim). For jeans, leisure wear and work wear. 80 40 10 7 Construction: Oxford: Good quality cotton shirting and blouse fabric made in plain weave but with two ends weaving as one. Contrasting colors in warp and weft give a miniature diced pattern. 101 55 45 11 Construction: Calico: It is a closely woven and print cloth of cotton or cotton blend with a small busy pattern. Used for bed sheets, aprons, light summer clothing. 16 16 60 60 Construction: Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 40

  46. Canvas: It is a heavy, firm, strong fabric made of cotton or acrylic and used for awnings, slip covers, shoe fabrics, tarpaulins and boat covers. It is made in plain or basket weave. Canvas is smoother, more compact and the heaviest of the three (Duck, canvas and sail cloth). 72 42 10 10 Construction: Sheeting: 30 30 68 68 Construction: Umbrella fabric: 96 96 30 30 100 100 50 60 Construction: or, Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 41

  47. WET PROCESSING DEPERTMENT Flow chart of w et process for w oven fabric: Grey Fabric Inspection To check the fabric for naps, warp and weft And missing, end breakage, hole, spot Stitching Singeing To remove the loose hairy fibers De-sizing To remove the size material Scouring To remove the impurities and increasing fabric absorbency Bleaching To increase whiteness of the fabric or yarn Mercerizing To increase fabric absorbency and luster Dyeing To impart color on substrates from dyes Printing To impart color and design on substrates from dyes and pigments Finishing To improve the overall quality and to satisfy the consumers Final Inspection Ready for delivery Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 42

  48. Flow Chart of W et Process for Knit Fabric: Grey fabric inspection Stitching (Batching) Loading in the machine Scouring and Bleaching Neutralization and Rinsing Dyeing De-watering Hydro-extractor Dryer Compactor Slitting Stentering Final Inspection Delivery Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 43

  49. Steps of W et Process: Pretreatment Coloration Finishing Singeing Dyeing Chemical Finishing Desizing Printing Mechanical(Physical) Finishing Scouring Bleaching Mercerizing Singeing: Singeing is the process carried out to remove loose hairy fibers from the surface of the yarn or fabric. It is necessary for level dyeing and to increase luster of the fabric. It is generally carried out for woven fabric. Desizing: Desizing is the process of removal of size materials (starch, gum etc) from the warp yarn of woven fabric. Desizing is the first treatment of wet process n textile. It can be done by acid, alkali or enzyme. Scouring: Scouring is the process by which all natural fat, oil, wax as well as dirt and other impurities are removed for producing a clean textile material. It is done mainly with soap/detergent and alkali. Bleaching : Bleaching is the process for improving the whiteness of textile materials by removing the natural coloring matters. Bleaching produces a pure and permanent white effect on fabric which is suitable for level dyeing and sharp printing. Hydrogen per oxide (H2O2), Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) and Bleaching power (Ca(OCl)Cl) can be used as bleaching agent. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 44

  50. Mercerizing: Mercerizing is a physio-chemical process where cotton yarn/fabric is treated with 15-20% Caustic Soda(NaOH) solution to improve their tensile strength, lusture, dye affinity etc. Dyeing: Dyeing is a distribution process which is happened between textile materials and dyes in a dyeing machine/dye bath. There are different dyes like direct dye, acid dye, vat dye, sulpher dye, reactive dye, disperse dye, azoic dye etc. Printing : Textile printing is the process of applying color in ink or paste form on fabric for producing specific design/motif in one or more colors. or, Textile printing is one kind of localized dyeing that is dyes or pigments are applied locally or discontinuously to produce various design on the fabric with a motif or motives in one or more colors. Finishing: In textile manufacturing finishing refers to any process performed on yarn of fabric after weaving or knitting to impart look, performances, hand feel etc. of the finished textile or clothing according to buyer requirement. Finishing can be done in two forms, in tube form or open width form. Finishing is of two types- Finishing Physical Chemical Permanent e.g. Mercerizing, Water repellent, Flame retardant, Resin finishing. Temporary e.g. Calendaring, Embossing, Beetting, Compacting etc. Permanent e.g. Raising, Sanforizing. Temporary e.g. Starching, Weighning, Softening. Prepared by: Hasan (15th - Batch; SE U) | E mail: hasanbd015@gmail.com 45

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