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Chapter 3 Migration

Chapter 3 Migration. Key Issue 4 Why do People Migrate Within a Country?. Why do people migrate within a country?. Less disruptive than international Different cultural traditions: language, religion Two Main Types Interregional Rural and urban Intraregional Older cities and suburbs.

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Chapter 3 Migration

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  1. Chapter 3 Migration Key Issue 4 Why do People Migrate Within a Country?

  2. Why do people migrate within a country? • Less disruptive than international • Different cultural traditions: language, religion • Two Main Types • Interregional • Rural and urban • Intraregional • Older cities and suburbs

  3. Interregional Migration • United States • Past • Lack of farmland lured farmers to frontier for more abundant land • Today • Mostly for better jobs

  4. Migration between Regions within the United States • American West • Opened up 200yrs ago • Mass interregional migration to interior

  5. Changing Center of Population • Population center: average location of everyone in the country “center of population gravity” • Where the “flat” Earth would balance on a pin • 1790, population center was Baltimore, MD • Most people were settled along Atlantic Coast • Depended on coastal locations • Interior obstacles: Appalachian Mountains & Native Americans in West

  6. Early Settlement in the Interior • 1830, Population Center moved west: Moorefield, WV • Large amounts of fertile and available at low price • Transportation improvements opened interior • Canals made travel accessible between New York & Great Lakes • Steam powered boats

  7. Early Settlement in the Interior • After 1830, Population center moved further west: Cincinnati, Ohio • Western pioneers headed toward California • Gold Rush, late 1840s • Non-stop trip to CA

  8. Settlers preferred forested areas (lumber) • 40” rain fall for agriculture • West of 98th meridian: Interior proved unsuitable • Declared region unfit: few trees, little rainfall • “Great American Desert” • Modern Technology has transformed region to become one of world’s “richest” farming areas

  9. Settlement of the Great Plains • After 1880, Population center continues to move west, at slower pace • More Europeans migrating to US East Coast • Balanced out American migration to West Coast • People began to settle in Great Plains • Dakota Territory • 1870: 14,000 • 1880: 135,000 • 1890: 539,000

  10. Settlement of the Great Plains • Agricultural Technology • Enabled people to farm in Great Plains • Barbed wire introduced, no longer needed forests to build fences • Windmills & well-drilling to pump water

  11. Settlement of the Great Plains • Expansion of Railroads • Transportation for goods to move to populated East Coast • Land grants for railroad companies • Encouraged more Western Settlers • 1980, population center moved west of Mississippi River

  12. Recent Growth of the South • Late 20th Century, population center moved southward • 1980s and 1990s, 5 million moved to South, only 2 million moved out • Job opportunities (5% job growth in south compared to average 2-3% for US) • Environmental Reasons • “sunbelt” temperate climate: outdoor rec activities • “rustbelt” Northeast & Midwest: dependency on steel

  13. Interregional Antagonism • Northeast & Midwest • Believe south is stealing jobs/industry • Some have relocated, but many are newly created jobs • Past to Present • 1929 average income was 2/3 lower in South • 1960 average income 1/3 lower in South • Today, average income ONLY 1/5 lower in South

  14. Net migration for African Americans • 1900, most African Americans lived in South • Forced migration for slavery • Africans began to move to larger cities in NE, MidWest and West for jobs • Equal amount of African Americans moving N-S as S-N, much more Whites moving South

  15. U.S. Interregional Migration

  16. 21st Century, • Much LESS interregional migration • Net migration from regions is almost ZERO • Most new jobs are service sector • Location becomes less important

  17. Migration Between Regions in Other Countries • Russia • Soviet policy encouraged factory construction NEAR raw materials, not near current populated areas • Encouraged interregional migration • Fill jobs at mines, factories, construction sites

  18. Russia • Siberia • Far North, 45% land, only 2% population • Rich in natural resources: fossil fuels, minerals, forests • Soviet gov’t gave incentives to move north (higher wages, paid holidays, early retirement) • Harsh climate & remoteness • Many workers moved back south • Komsomol: young volunteers during summer to construct projects • Collapse of Soviet Union  market-based economy • Interregional migration no longer encouraged

  19. Brazil • Encouraged interregional migration • Mostly populated on Atlantic Coast • Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paolo • Tropical interior sparsely inhabited • Gov’t moved capital from Rio to Brasilia, 600 miles from Atlantic Coast • Slow growth at first, resentment of move • Rapid population growth: more moving to Brasilia for employment

  20. Indonesia • Government encouraging migration FROM Java (most populated island) to less populated ones • More than 5 million have moved • Incentives: 5 acres of land, materials to build, seeds, pesticides, and food • Less recent migration: environmental concerns, disruption of indigenous people, not productive land

  21. Europe • Moving to regions with higher incomes • Italy: Migrating North for job opportunities • rich agricultural land & strong industrial base • 2x higher income, unemployment 15% less in north • United Kingdom:migrating south for job opportunities • North: industrial revolution- no longer competitive in global economy • Regions closer to European markets have advantage • Heart of Europe

  22. India • Gov’t limits ability to migrate from regions • Permit is required to visit State of Assam, NE India • Protect ethnic identity of region • Limit job competition with outsiders • Limit international migration

  23. Migration within One Region • Since 1800, most intraregional migration in world has been from RURAL to URBAN areas

  24. Migration from Rural to Urban Areas • Urbanization, 1800s, Europe & North America • Rapid industrial development • US Population in Urban Areas • 1800 5% 1920 50% 2010 75% • Pushed from lack of jobs in agriculture, pulled by jobs in factories & service industry • Recent years, urban migration is skyrocketing in LDCs • Sao Paolo, Brazil: migration is 300,000 per year • City cannot support migrants • Favelas: squatter settlements, lack electricity, running water, paved streets

  25. Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas • Developed countries: Canada, UK, West Europe, US • From central cities out to the suburbs • NOT related to employment • Detached house, private yard, garage, driveway, modern schools • Suburbia is rapidly expanding • Farms are being converted to housing developments: new roads, sewers, other services

  26. Migration from Metropolitan to Nonmetropolitan Areas • Late 20th century, MDCs • More people migrating INTO rural areas than OUT • Counterurbanization • Migration from cities & suburbs to small towns and rural communities • Lifestyle reasons: live on a farm, own horses, grow vegetables • Modern communication & transportation make transition easy • Counterurbanization has stopped in US, numbers IN and OUT are about the same

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