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Infrared-Excitation for Improving Hydrocarbon Fuels’ Combustion Efficiency of Engines

Infrared-Excitation for Improving Hydrocarbon Fuels’ Combustion Efficiency of Engines. Albert C. Wey Aldi Far-IR Products, Inc. (USA). Rodney G. Handy Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Technology Yuan Zheng and Chul H. Kim Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.

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Infrared-Excitation for Improving Hydrocarbon Fuels’ Combustion Efficiency of Engines

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  1. Infrared-Excitation for Improving Hydrocarbon Fuels’ Combustion Efficiencyof Engines Albert C. Wey Aldi Far-IR Products, Inc. (USA) Rodney G. Handy Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Technology Yuan Zheng andChul H. Kim Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University

  2. IR-Excited Fuel Technology Contents: • Introduction • Theoretical Model • Scientific Verification • Methane-Air Counter-flow Laminar Flames • Engine and Vehicle Tests • Summary

  3. Motivation:the demands 2007 SAE World Congress • Government: • Air Quality • Global Warming • Energy Security EMISSIONS REDUCTION Car Makers: FUEL ECONOMY PROFITS • Engineers: • ICE Optimization/ • Aftertreatment • Aerodynamics • Weight Reductions • Customers: • Safety • Comfort • Horsepower • Fuel Costs FUN TO DRIVE need Physics, Magic, or Miracle?

  4. Introduction Approach: Known Scientific Facts: • Organic Chemistry • HC molecules are IR-active and absorb 3 – 14 μmIR photons causing vibrations • Photoselective Chemistry • Increasing reactant vibrational energy is most effective at promoting reaction. Known IR-Technology: • IR-emitters for agricultural applications (Japan) IR-excitation to improve fuel combustion efficiency

  5. The Innovative Concept Step 1: IR-emitter absorbs radiation heat from engine Supply fuel line IR-emitter Heat Energy Recycling Step 2: IR-emitter emits 3 – 14 μm IR photons Efficient combustion Step 3: IR photons excite HC-molecules in the fuel

  6. Transition Metal Oxides Constituent electrons are thermally agitated to higher levels; Excited electrons return to initial levels by emitting IR photons in 3 - 14μm wavelengths Ti: 3d2 4s2(22) Cr: 3d5 4s1 (24) Co: 3d7 4s2 (27) Ni: 3d8 4s2 (28) Zr: 4d2 5s2 (40) Transition Metals

  7. IR-Emitters 3 – 14 μm mid-IR Emitter 8 – 20 μm far-IR Emitter

  8. HC Molecules are IR-Active C2H5OH IR Spectral Analysis O…H stretching Alkanes –CH3 bending O–H stretching Alkanes C–H stretching C–H bending Alkanes –CH2 bending H–Csp3 stretching C–C stretching 2.5 3 5 8 10 14 20 Wavelength, μm

  9. CH4 Energy Level Diagram 1305.563 1306.264 Resonance modes at v4 = 1305 cm-1 Asymmetric stretching v3 = 3012 cm-1 (3.32 μm) Bending v4 = 1305 cm-1 (7.66 μm)

  10. Molecular Vibrations Molecules vibrate in 6 ways Symmetrical Stretching Antisymmetrical Stretching Scissoring Rocking Wagging Twisting

  11. Vibrational States Reaction Rate: Multi-photons absorption & excitation W = k e–E/RT Dissociation Limit Activation Barrier E Quasi-Continuum Ladder of vibrational states IR-excited HC molecule Regular HC Molecule

  12. Proof of Underlying Science Methane-Air Counter-flow Flame Experiment Air mid-IR emitter Far-IR emitter Path 2 Path 1 Path 1: Regular Path 2: IR-excited Methane Purdue University

  13. H2 + ½ O2 → H2O CO + ½ O2 → CO2 Laminar Diffusion Flame Air Laminar flame x X = 0 Methane combustion chain reaction: CH4 + O → CH3 + OH O2 + CH3 → CH3OO CH4 + CH3OO → CH3 + CH3OOH CH3OOH → CO + 2H2 + O 2CH4 + O2 → 2CO + 4H2 CO + OH → H + CO2 O2 + CO + H → OH + CO2 H2 + OH → H + H2O O2 + H2 + H → OH + H2O Methane CH4 + O2 → CO + H2 + H2O

  14. Experimental Results CO2 Baseline N2 IR-excited CO Baseline N2 Baseline CO2 IR-excited CO IR-excited NO Baseline CH4 Baseline NO IR-excited CH4 IR-excited Fuel Duct ……....… X, mm ……....… Air Duct Fuel Duct ……....… X, mm ……....… Air Duct Flame occurs faster Less CO, CO2 & NO emissions

  15. Observation (1): faster burn Air N2 IR-excited N2 Baseline regular IR-excited Methane • IR-excited fuel: • more combustible • burns faster, more completely • reduced flame strain rate • reduced fuel flow momentum • flame is pushed downward CH4 Baseline CH4 IR-excited Fuel Duct ……....… X, mm ……....… Air Duct Flame occurs faster

  16. Observation (2): Less Fuel Fuel Consumption Rate L: distance between the ducts (15 mm) ωCH4: volumetric consumption rate, moles/cm3/sec IR-excited fuel: Fuel Consumption Rate is computed to be 8% less. CH4 Baseline CH4 IR-excited Fuel Duct ……....… X, mm ……....… Air Duct

  17. H2 + ½ O2 → H2O CO + ½ O2 → CO2 Observation (3): Less CO Methane combustion chain reaction: CH4 + O → CH3 + OH O2 + CH3 → CH3OO CH4 + CH3OO → CH3 + CH3OOH CH3OOH → CO + 2H2 + O 2CH4 + O2 → 2CO + 4H2 CO2 Baseline CO Baseline CO2 IR-excited CO IR-excited Fuel Duct ……....… X, mm ……....… Air Duct IR-excited fuel: Combusts faster and more completely; CO & CO2 emissions are computed to be 25% less. CO is a precursor of CO2 CH4 + O2 → CO + H2 + H2O

  18. Observation (4): Less NO EIJ, emission index for specie J NO Baseline NO IR-excited Fuel Duct ……....… X, mm ……....… Air Duct Mj : molecular weight ωJ  : volumetric production rate Less NO emissions: Thermal NO formation follows fuel combustion; with a faster combustion, there was less time for NO to form. IR-excited fuel: Emission index of NO is computed to be 15% less.

  19. Summary of Observations IR-excitation makes methane combust faster and more completely • Less Fuel Consumption Rate • less CO and CO2 emissions • less NO emissions The first scientific proof of IR-excited fuel technology

  20. Proposed Engine Application • IR-Emitters are retrofitted to supply fuel line, absorbing engine heat to emit IR photons. • HC molecules traversing thru the fuel line are excited, raising vibrational states to lower activation barrier and increase combustibility. • IR-excited fuel burns faster in cylinders, allocating more heat to do work and less heat loss to raise exhaust gas temperature (EGT). • Increased power, with lower specific fuel combustion and less HC, CO, NOx, and CO2emissions.

  21. GM Quad-4 Gasoline Engine at Engine Lab, Purdue University Specific Fuel Consumption (unit: lb/hp-hr) Baseline IR-excited

  22. CO & NO Emissions Test at Engine Lab, Purdue University PowerTek Single Cylinder Dynomometer Fuel: Propane Displacement: 13 cu in. Gross power: 7.5 HP Gross torque: 10 ft.lb CO Measurement (ppm)average reduced14.5% NO Measurement (ppm)average reduced10.2%

  23. U.S. EPA Test AutoResearch Lab, an EPA-recognized Lab 1998 Mercury Grand Marquis, V8, 4.6 L at 16,300 odometer mileage (Jan. 1999) FTP– Federal Test Procedure for City Driving HFET– Highway Fuel Economy Test

  24. Emissions: Diesel Pickup Iveco Motor Co. (Nanjing, China) 4.2 Ton Light-Duty Pickup 4 cyl. 2.8 L Diesel Engine (max. 78 KW) tested with a 60 Nm load (a) NOx Emissions,ppm (b) Smoke Emissions, % Opacity FIR helps reduce smoke and NOx simultaneously.

  25. P-norm/M-norm Dyno Tests CARBURATORI BERGAMO, 24127 (BG), ITALY 7/20/2007 2004 Alfa Romeo 147 JTD 1900 cc Multijet turbodiesel 4 cyl. 16v, 110 kW @4000 rpm Odometer: 110,000 km

  26. Power/Torque Measurement Potenza & Coppia at 6th Gear (ratio 0.614:1) 2004 Alfa Romeo 147 JTD Max. 4410 rpm (149.0 km/h) Max. 4220 rpm (130.5 km/h) Peak Torque: 305 Nm @ 2000 rpm Con FIR: 327.6 Nm @ 2145 rpm Senza FIR: 289.4 Nm @ 3180 rpm Con FIR Con FIR OEM Engine Spec OEM Engine Spec Baseline (Senza FIR) Baseline (Senza FIR) FIR helps increase power/torque at mid- and high-speeds.

  27. School Bus Road Tests 2004 International School Bus CE VT365 diesel engine V8, 6.0 L with EVRT IR-emitter removed on 5/8/06 at 25,531 miles IR-emitter installed on 10/14/05 at 15,475 miles 6.23 5.67 mpg 5.40 12% improvement in fuel economy

  28. Diesel Trucks Fleet Test Cummins ISX475 15 L 475 HP HD diesel engine 2005 Kenworth T600A Tractor 3 sets IR-emitters installed 6% improvement, or save 78 gallons per tractor per month

  29. Summary & Conclusion “using IR-excitation to improve fuel combustion efficiency of engines” • IR-emitters (3 – 14 μm) developed. • Underlying science verified in methane-air counter-flow flame experiments: • IR-excited fuels burn faster, resulting in reduced fuel consumption rate and less CO & NO emissions • Engine/vehicle test results demonstrate IR-effects on increasing engine efficiency • More research to be done: • How IR-excitation participates in fuel combustion? • How IR-excited fuel improves engine performance?

  30. THANK YOU Please join us to develop IR-fuel technology Contact Information: Dr. Albert Wey Aldi Far-IR Products, Inc. (U.S.A.) e-mail: awey@allways.net Dario FranzoniBalos Technology (Italy) e-mail: info@balostec.it tel : (+39) 02.320.62.56.31

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