Operating Systems chapter 4 : Threads

1. Operating Systemschapter 4: Threads Isfahan University of Technology Electrical and Computer Engineering Department 97-2 semester Zeinab Zali References of the slides: • The textbooks slides • Personal slides

2. Chapter 3 main concepts • What is a process • Process parts in memory • Process states • PCB and context switching • Process scheduling • A ready queue and different queues for devices • Various kinds of schedulers • Process creation and termination • fork(), exec() • exit(), wait() • Inter Process Communication (IPC) • Shared memory • Message passing • Socket, RPC, pipe

3. Chapter 4: Threads • Overview • Multicore Programming • Multithreading Models • Thread Libraries • Implicit Threading • Threading Issues • Operating System Examples

4. Assume you have a server that is responsible for responding some clients. The clients frequently ask the server to send a requested large file. How does server manage the requests from the clients? What is the problem? What is the solution? A Client-Server program

5. Motivation • Most modern applications are multithreaded • Threads run within application • Multiple tasks with the application can be implemented by separate threads • Update display • Fetch data • Spell checking • Answer a network request • Process creation is heavy-weight while thread creation is light-weight • Can simplify code, increase efficiency • Kernels are generally multithreaded

6. Multithreaded Server Architecture

7. Benefits • Responsiveness – may allow continued execution if part of process is blocked, especially important for user interfaces • Resource Sharing – threads share resources of process, easier than shared memory or message passing • Economy – cheaper than process creation, thread switching lower overhead than context switching • Scalability – process can take advantage of multiprocessor architectures

8. Single and Multithreaded Processes

9. Multicore Programming • Multicore or multiprocessor systems putting pressure on programmers, challenges include: • Dividing activities • Balance • Data splitting • Data dependency • Testing and debugging • Parallelism implies a system can perform more than one task simultaneously • Concurrency supports more than one task making progress • Single processor / core, scheduler providing concurrency

10. Concurrency vs. Parallelism • Concurrent execution on single-core system: • Parallelism on a multi-core system:

11. Multicore Programming (Cont.) • Types of parallelism • Data parallelism – distributes subsets of the same data across multiple cores, same operation on each • Task parallelism – distributing threads across cores, each thread performing unique operation • As # of threads grows, so does architectural support for threading • CPUs have cores as well as hardware threads • Consider Oracle SPARC T4 with 8 cores, and 8 hardware threads per core Hyperthreading

12. User Threads and Kernel Threads • User threads - management done by user-level threads library • Three primary thread libraries: • POSIX Pthreads • Windows threads • Java threads • Kernel threads - Supported by the Kernel • Examples – virtually all general purpose operating systems, including: • Windows • Solaris • Linux • Tru64 UNIX • Mac OS X • A relationship exists between user threads and kernel threads

13. Multithreading Models • Many-to-One • One-to-One • Many-to-Many

14. Many-to-One • Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel thread • One thread blocking causes all to block • Multiple threads may not run in parallel on muticore system because only one may be in kernel at a time • Few systems currently use this model • Examples: • Solaris Green Threads • GNU Portable Threads

15. One-to-One • Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread • Creating a user-level thread creates a kernel thread • More concurrency than many-to-one • Number of threads per process sometimes restricted due to overhead • Examples: Windows, Linux, Solaris 9 and later

16. Many-to-Many Model • Allows many user level threads to be mapped to many kernel threads • Allows the operating system to create a sufficient number of kernel threads • Solaris prior to version 9

17. Two-level Model • Similar to M:M, except that it allows a user thread to be bound to kernel thread • Examples • Solaris 8 and earlier

18. تحقیق • با بررسی در هدر فایل sched.h و جستجو، تحقیق کنید آیا برای مدیریت threadها نیز ساختاری مشابه task_struct در سیستم عامل برای هر thread استفاده میشود؟ یا روش دیگری وجود دارد؟ تفاوتها را مشخص کنید

19. Thread Libraries • Thread libraryprovides programmer with API for creating and managing threads • Two primary ways of implementing • Library entirely in user space • Kernel-level library supported by the OS

20. Pthreads • A POSIX standard (IEEE 1003.1c) API for thread creation and synchronization • Specification, not implementation • API specifies behavior of the thread library, implementation is up to development of the library • Common in UNIX operating systems (Solaris, Linux, Mac OS X)

21. Pthread.h • get the default attributes • Pthread_attr_init( pthread_attr_t * attr) • create the thread • pthread_create(pthread_t *tid, pthread_attr_t *attr_t, void* thread_runner, void *thread_runner_args): • wait for the thread to exit • pthread_join(pthread_t *tid, void ** thread_runner_ret_val) • Exit thread • pthread_exit(void * pthread_runner_ret_val)

22. Pthreads Example

24. Pthreads Code for Joining 10 Threads

25. Implicit Threading • Growing in popularity as numbers of threads increase, program correctness more difficult with explicit threads • Creation and management of threads done by compilers and run-time libraries rather than programmers • Three methods explored • Thread Pools • OpenMP • Grand Central Dispatch • Other methods include Microsoft Threading Building Blocks (TBB), java.util.concurrent package

26. Client-Server Example Remember our own example What happens if the number of alive threads exceeds the maximum number of concurrent threads that the system can support? How can we prevent this issue?

27. Thread Pools • Create a number of threads in a pool where they await work • Advantages: • Usually slightly faster to service a request with an existing thread than create a new thread • Allows the number of threads in the application(s) to be bound to the size of the pool • Separating task to be performed from mechanics of creating task allows different strategies for running task • i.e.Tasks could be scheduled to run periodically • Windows API supports thread pools:

28. Boost library for c++ #include "threadpool.hpp" using namespace boost::threadpool; void first_task() {…} void second_task() {…} void third_task() {…} main(){ // Create a thread pool. pool tp(2); //Add some tasks to the pool. tp.schedule(&first_task); tp.schedule(&second_task); tp.schedule(&third_task); }

29. OpenMP • Set of compiler directives and an API for C, C++, FORTRAN provides support for parallel programming • Identifies parallel regions – blocks of code that can run in parallel #pragma omp parallel Create as many threads as there are cores #pragma omp parallel for for(i=0;i<N;i++) { c[i] = a[i] + b[i]; } Run for loop in parallel

30. Threading Issues • Semantics of fork() and exec() system calls • Signal handling • Synchronous and asynchronous • Thread cancellation of target thread • Asynchronous or deferred

31. Semantics of fork() and exec() • Does fork()duplicate only the calling thread or all threads? • exec() usually works as normal – replace the running process including all threads • So forking only the calling thread is sufficient

32. fork() and multithread pid_t pid; pid = fork(); if (pid == 0) { /* child process */ fork(); thread_create( . . .); } fork(); a. How many unique processes are created? b. How many unique threads are created?

33. Signal Handling • Signals are used in UNIX systems to notify a process that a particular event has occurred. • A signal handleris used to process signals • Signal is generated by particular event • Signal is delivered to a process • Signal is handled by one of two signal handlers: • default • user-defined • Every signal has default handler that kernel runs when handling signal • User-defined signal handler can override default • For single-threaded, signal delivered to process

34. Signal Handling (Cont.) • Where should a signal be delivered for multi-threaded? • Deliver the signal to the thread to which the signal applies • Deliver the signal to every thread in the process • Deliver the signal to certain threads in the process • Assign a specific thread to receive all signals for the processes kill(pid_t, signal) pthread_kill(thread_t, signal)

35. Thread Cancellation • Terminating a thread before it has finished • Thread to be canceled is target thread • Two general approaches: • Asynchronous cancellation terminates the target thread immediately • Deferred cancellation allows the target thread to periodically check if it should be cancelled • Pthread code to create and cancel a thread:

36. Thread Cancellation (Cont.) • Invoking thread cancellation requests cancellation, but actual cancellation depends on thread state • If thread has cancellation disabled, cancellation remains pending until thread enables it • Default type is deferred • Cancellation only occurs when thread reaches cancellation point • I.e. pthread_testcancel() • Then cleanup handler is invoked • On Linux systems, thread cancellation is handled through signals

40. ۱-۴)‌ با نام بردن از انواع مدلهای چندنخی(multithreading)، توضیح دهید کدام یک امکان موازی سازی در یک پروسس را فراهم میکنند؟(۶نمره) ۲-۴) توضیح دهيد در يک وب سرور، thread pool چه کمکی می تواند بکند؟(۵نمره)

41. ۵) برنامه زیر را در خطوط خالی چگونه کامل کنیم تا هدف زیر برآورده شود: پروسس اولیه دو پروسس جدید ایجاد کند (بنابراین با اجرای این کد دقیقا ۳ پروسس ایجاد می‌شود). پروسس فرزند اول دو thread با توابع f1 و f2 اجرا می کند. اجرای کامل این دو thread زمان بر است. اما این پروسس باید منتظر بماند تا هر دو تمام شوند. از طرفی پروسس والد بايد پس از اتمام اين پروسس فرزند، مقدار خروجی توابع f1 و f2 را که در متغير result ذخيره می شود چاپ کند. متغير result بين دو تابع f1 و f2 به صورت share استفاده (آپديت) می شود. پروسس فرزند دوم شروع به نمایش لیست پروسسهای درحال اجرای سیستم می‌کند. بدین منظور کافیست دستور execlp("/usr/bin/top","top",NULL) اجرا شود. این پروسس، بعداز اتمام پروسس والد همچنان به اجرای خود ادامه می‌دهد. (۱۰نمره) float result; void *f1(void*); void *f2(void*); int main(){ pid_t pid1, pid2; pthread_t tid1, tid2; pid1 = fork(); . . . execlp("/usr/bin/top","top",NULL); . . . }

42. End of Chapter 4