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How can you be sure that someday you will die? What evidence do you have for your belief ?

How can you be sure that someday you will die? What evidence do you have for your belief ?. Which type of logic are you already using?. Consider the following statements A. All humans are mortal B. I am human Therefore, (are you mortal?) C. YES, I am mortal.

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How can you be sure that someday you will die? What evidence do you have for your belief ?

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  1. How can you be sure that someday you will die? What evidence do you have for your belief?

  2. Which type of logic are you already using? Consider the following statements A. All humans are mortal B. I am human Therefore, (are you mortal?) C. YES, I am mortal If you think this is the logical conclusion then you are using deductive reasoning. It would be absurd to state the truth of A and B while denying the truth of C. This is known as logical validity. Even if the actual truth of A and B is questionable this method of processing information in the search for truth looks promising.

  3. Inductive Reasoning

  4. Inductive reasoning: from specific examples to a generalization.

  5. Inductive Reasoning Steps • Make observations • Detect patterns • Develop general conclusion or theory In other words – going from a set of details/facts to the general (or generalization) Typically, there is no prior knowledge of the conclusion or theory, but it is generated after observing and analyzing the observations.

  6. Learning Styles • You typically learn by inductive reasoning if you like to see examples when you first learn a new subject before developing an overview of the subject. • Another idea of inductive reasoning is if you like to learn the rules of a new game as you go along.

  7. EXAMPLES (specific observation) -All we ever see are black dogs. (generalization) -Therefore, all dogs are black. (specific observations) -All dogs bark. -Snoopy is a dog. (generalization) -Snoopy Barks.

  8. Specific Observation I’ve noticed that every time I kick the ball up, it comes back down,

  9. Generalization I’ve noticed that every time I kick the ball up, it comes back down, so this time I guess when I kick the ball up it will come back down too.

  10. Example All I have ever seen are Dell computers, (observation) (generalization) so all computers are made by Dell.

  11. Evaluate the strength of the following inductive logical thoughts: • My neighbor’s dog didn’t bite me in the past, so he won’t bite me today either • My chair supported my weight in the past, so it will hold me today • Local drivers have driven wildly in the past, so I better be careful today • USA has supported only Israel in the past, so they won’t be fair to Palestinians this year either. • Girls who are smart are often not very sporty, so the smart new girl in our class won’t be good as sports

  12. Puzzle break How do you decide whether the letter should be above or below the line? A E F H I K L M N B C D G J O P How did you figure it out? Did you look at the individual letters and try to identify a pattern?

  13. In every country’s capital city, there is an international school. How would you test this knowledge claim?

  14. Inductive logic Imagine… That you are a zoologist who is interested in different species and colors of swans. You set about finding as many swans as you can in Europe , so that you might be able to make some conclusions about swans generally.

  15. You go out and you come across one swan. It is white. You then continue your search.

  16. What type of logic are you using?

  17. All swans are white • At this point what color are swans in your experience? • What conclusions might you draw about swans (as a species)? • If you think that this is the logical conclusion to come to: you are using inductive reasoning.

  18. Yup, a black swan.

  19. Some other examples of inductive reasoning: • Premise: every time I’ve seen a person with a cold, they have had a runny nose • Therefore: all colds involve having a runny nose. • Premise: in my experience, day has always followed night. • Therefore: Day will always follow night in the future.

  20. Premise: in my experience, day has always followed night. Therefore: Day will always follow night in the future.

  21. Thought point: When is inductive logic reasonable? When is it not?

  22. Hinduism

  23. Prejudice - If the New Yorkers I’ve met all shop at fancy stores like Gucci, does that mean they are all fashion snobs?

  24. Watch out for CONFIRMATION BIAS:We tend to believe/remember only evidence that supports our beliefs, and ignore/ forget evidence that goes against us.

  25. Prejudice is reinforced this way - if you have decided that the English are cold, and Americans are lazy, then you LOOK for evidence to support these comfortable beliefs.

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