Alchemy vs Chemistry

1. Alchemy vs Chemistry

2. The Alchemist Alchemy was the search for the philosophers stone, a liquid that would change cheap metals into gold. Practiced during the Middle Ages (-500 A.D. to –1300 A.D.) Alchemists attempted to change cheap base metals into gold. This process is called transmutation. “The word alchemy comes from the Arabic al kimia, meaning Egyptian art. The tradition of alchemy spreads from Alexandria in Egypt and its language was Arabic.” Eyewitness Science “Chemistry” , Dr. Ann Newmark, DK Publishing, Inc., 1993, pg 13 Alchemy represents an amalgamation of certain chemical technologies and philosophical speculations. Aaron J. Ihde, The Development of Modern Chemistry, Dover Publishing, 1984 pg 11Alchemy was the search for the philosophers stone, a liquid that would change cheap metals into gold. Practiced during the Middle Ages (-500 A.D. to –1300 A.D.) Alchemists attempted to change cheap base metals into gold. This process is called transmutation. “The word alchemy comes from the Arabic al kimia, meaning Egyptian art. The tradition of alchemy spreads from Alexandria in Egypt and its language was Arabic.” Eyewitness Science “Chemistry” , Dr. Ann Newmark, DK Publishing, Inc., 1993, pg 13 Alchemy represents an amalgamation of certain chemical technologies and philosophical speculations. Aaron J. Ihde, The Development of Modern Chemistry, Dover Publishing, 1984 pg 11

3. The Alchemist’s Dream DEMONSTRATION OF CHANGING COPPER INTO GOLD First explain that you have discovered a technique to turn a common penny into GOLD. The alchemist made the mistake of attempting to do this in one step – it takes two steps to succeed! Step 1> dissolve “magic blue earth” (copper (II) chloride) in water. Step 2> add a small amount of iron filings into the solution and stir. Step 3> point out that the iron filings have changed into copper (transmutation) NOTE COLOR CHANGE: gray ? red-brown (copper) color Next: take a readily available source of copper – a penny. Step 4> Show that you can also turn the penny into silver? by zinc plating the penny in a bath of finely powdered zinc and sodium hydroxide. Step 5> Slowly heat the “silver” penny over a bunsen burner and it will turn to “gold”. In truth – you have created an alloy of copper and zinc we call brass. The alchemists believed they had changed copper into gold. With testing of density they realized they did not make this transmutation. Density of copper = Density of gold = Iron is a more “active” metal than copper and will replace the copper ion is solution. Single replacement reaction. A + BC ? B + AC 2 Fe + 3 CuCl2 ? 3 Cu + 2 FeCl3 Pennies were actually “silver” in 1944. The pennies were minted in zinc. The copper metal was needed for making bullet shells. AVICENNA’S (980 – 1037) A Persian Philosopher LEGACY The word alchemy comes from the Arabic al kimia, meaning Egyptian art. The tradition of alchemy spread from Alexandria in Egypt and its language was Arabic. Alchemy was closely linked to astrology, and the seven metals known to the alchemists shared the symbols of the seven heavenly bodies. The use of symbols for chemicals arose because of the alchemists’ desire to keep their discoveries secret.DEMONSTRATION OF CHANGING COPPER INTO GOLD First explain that you have discovered a technique to turn a common penny into GOLD. The alchemist made the mistake of attempting to do this in one step – it takes two steps to succeed! Step 1> dissolve “magic blue earth” (copper (II) chloride) in water. Step 2> add a small amount of iron filings into the solution and stir. Step 3> point out that the iron filings have changed into copper (transmutation) NOTE COLOR CHANGE: gray ? red-brown (copper) color Next: take a readily available source of copper – a penny. Step 4> Show that you can also turn the penny into silver? by zinc plating the penny in a bath of finely powdered zinc and sodium hydroxide. Step 5> Slowly heat the “silver” penny over a bunsen burner and it will turn to “gold”. In truth – you have created an alloy of copper and zinc we call brass. The alchemists believed they had changed copper into gold. With testing of density they realized they did not make this transmutation. Density of copper = Density of gold = Iron is a more “active” metal than copper and will replace the copper ion is solution. Single replacement reaction. A + BC ? B + AC 2 Fe + 3 CuCl2 ? 3 Cu + 2 FeCl3 Pennies were actually “silver” in 1944. The pennies were minted in zinc. The copper metal was needed for making bullet shells. AVICENNA’S (980 – 1037) A Persian Philosopher LEGACY The word alchemy comes from the Arabic al kimia, meaning Egyptian art. The tradition of alchemy spread from Alexandria in Egypt and its language was Arabic. Alchemy was closely linked to astrology, and the seven metals known to the alchemists shared the symbols of the seven heavenly bodies. The use of symbols for chemicals arose because of the alchemists’ desire to keep their discoveries secret.

4. Zinc Pennies

6. Timeline

7. Alchemy and Chemistry in Ancient Civilizations

8. Alchemy and Chemistry in Ancient Egypt

10. Metal of heaven: Iron prized so highly because of rarity

11. Copper mined in eastern desert between Nile and Red Sea

12. Tin used in the manufacture of bronze

13. Cobalt Used as coloring and glazing agent

15. Glass making

18. Textile

19. Dyeing Red pigment: iron oxide (hematite) Yellow:clay containing iron Pale blue: copper carbonate(Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 Green: malachite (bakir tasi) Black: charcoal Gray: limestone mixed with charcoal

20. Leather Used smoke, grease or bark extracts in order to preserve and soften leather of animal skin.

21. Leather

22. Leather

23. From Alchemy to Chemistry

24. Alchemists They believed that they could take any cheap metals and turn them into gold. Alchemists were almost like magicians. They tried to discover the elixir of life or philosopher’s stone for eternal youth and immortality.

25. Alchemy was practiced in many regions of the world, including China and the Middle East.

26. Hellenistic (Greekish) Alchemy Tried to discover the elixir of life or philosopher’s stone Tried to change cheap metals into gold. prepared alloys Develop some tecniques such as distillation

27. Chinese Alchemy Connected to medicine Invented black powder (explosive mixture)

28. Arabic Alchemy Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan( Islamic alchemist, philosopher, astronomer, and physicist, father of Arab chemistry) Discovered sulfuric and nitric acid Used processes of sublimation and filtration. Introduced experimental investigation into alchemy. Paved the way for the law of constant proportions Prepared various metals, developed steel Dyeing for cloth, tanning of leather Used MnO2 in glass making Developed aqua regia to dissolve gold Paved the way for classification of matter as metals, nonmetals and volatile substances

29. Indian Alchemy Was resricted to certain operations , drugs, compounds, and medicines, most of which were taken from plants

30. Alchemy in Medieval Europe Roger Bacon search for the philosopher’s stone and the elixir of life: “That medicine which will remove all impurities and corruptibilities from the lesser metals and will also take off so much of the corruptibility of the body that human life may be prolonged for many centuries.” mid-ee-vuhl a periodization ofEuropean history from the 5th century to the 15th century mid-ee-vuhl a periodization ofEuropean history from the 5th century to the 15th century

31. Renaissance Iatrochemistry Paracelsus was a proponent of latrochemistry. “stop making gold,” he taught, “instead find medicine.” He was the first to name the element zinc in 1526. As medicinal ingredients, he used, were antimony, arsenic, and mercury. He recognized the benefits of mineral waters for health. ren-uh-sahns, ahy-a-truh-kem-uh-stree, ee-a-] , muh-dis-uh-nl] ren-uh-sahns, ahy-a-truh-kem-uh-stree, ee-a-] , muh-dis-uh-nl]

32. Robert Boyle was the first eminent exponent of the inductive system of philosophy, based on experiment, observation, and measurement. He redefined an element in modern terms as a substance that could not be broken down into simple substances. So he changed “Alchemy” to “Chemistry”. Boyle still believed transmutation. He carried out important investigations of the behavior of gases (Boyle’s law). He noticed that various metals (tin, lead, copper) underwent an increase in weight when heated in air. Eminent:high in station, rank . exponent :a person or thing that is a representative. Inductive: influencing Eminent:high in station, rank . exponent :a person or thing that is a representative. Inductive: influencing

33. The Rise and Fall of Phlogiston George Stahl (1659- 1734) held that metals and combustible metarials contained a substance called phlogiston, which was released when the metal calcified(become hardened as a result of combustion) or the fuel burned. When a metal was heated intensely, its phlogiston was driven off and a calx appeared, but when phlogiston was reintroduced to the calx, metal reappeared.

34. The Rise and Fall of Phlogiston Joseph Priestly (1733 – 1804) is best known as the discoverer of oxygen. By dissolving CO2 in water, he discovered carbonated water. When he inserted a burning candle into the container of gas, the candle burned much more brightly than it had in ordinary. He said “I have discovered an air five or six times as good as common air.” He named this “good air” as dephlogisticated air.

35. The Rise and Fall of Phlogiston Antoine-Laurent Lavoiser (1743-1794) He believed that weight was conserved through the course of chemical reactions. According to the law of conservation of mass of Lavoisier, matter is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.

37. What is Chemistry? the study of matter and its alterations

38. The Beginnings The Greeks believed there were four elements.

39. Areas of Chemistry organic

40. The Scope of Chemistry Scope:application bulk: in great amountsScope:application bulk: in great amounts

41. Democrat vs. Republican Alchemists used trial-and-error method. Chemists used scientific method. Both wanted to understand the physical world around them better. Both strived for ways to cheat death (immortality) – the chemist with pharmaceutical drugs. Alchemists were the forerunners of modern chemists. “The history of alchemy is a history of men who were, on one hand, scientists, and on the other hand, dreamers. There is no way to separate the practical chemistry of the alchemists from their occasional fanciful excursions into the unknown. The early craftsmen who were able to mix a little bit of this with a drop or two of that and come up with startling new materials began to think of what they had done. Wouldn’t it be possible, they may have said to themselves, to change common metals into gold or silver? And, if they could find a magic elixer, might they be able to prolong life? These men were protected by the princes, kings, and popes of their day. Men of power, it would seem, always need more wealth. And more health. Alchemy was a medieval, metallurgical, superstition-laden, chemical science with touches of sorcery, religion, and experimentation. But the alchemists laid down the groundwork for modern science. The situation was complex. And in the ranks of the alchemists were crooks, quacks, and frauds. But there were many honest scientists, too. This is their story – the story of how some men tried to turn magic into science.” Thomas G. Aylesworth, The Alchemists Magic into Science Addison-Wesley, 1973, pg 11-12. Alchemists used trial-and-error method. Chemists used scientific method. Both wanted to understand the physical world around them better. Both strived for ways to cheat death (immortality) – the chemist with pharmaceutical drugs. Alchemists were the forerunners of modern chemists. “The history of alchemy is a history of men who were, on one hand, scientists, and on the other hand, dreamers. There is no way to separate the practical chemistry of the alchemists from their occasional fanciful excursions into the unknown. The early craftsmen who were able to mix a little bit of this with a drop or two of that and come up with startling new materials began to think of what they had done. Wouldn’t it be possible, they may have said to themselves, to change common metals into gold or silver? And, if they could find a magic elixer, might they be able to prolong life? These men were protected by the princes, kings, and popes of their day. Men of power, it would seem, always need more wealth. And more health. Alchemy was a medieval, metallurgical, superstition-laden, chemical science with touches of sorcery, religion, and experimentation. But the alchemists laid down the groundwork for modern science. The situation was complex. And in the ranks of the alchemists were crooks, quacks, and frauds. But there were many honest scientists, too. This is their story – the story of how some men tried to turn magic into science.” Thomas G. Aylesworth, The Alchemists Magic into Science Addison-Wesley, 1973, pg 11-12.

42. Alchemy vs. Chemistry Alchemists used trial-and-error method. Chemists used scientific method. Both wanted to understand the physical world around them better. Both strived for ways to cheat death (immortality) – the chemist with pharmaceutical drugs. Alchemists were the forerunners of modern chemists. “The history of alchemy is a history of men who were, on one hand, scientists, and on the other hand, dreamers. There is no way to separate the practical chemistry of the alchemists from their occasional fanciful excursions into the unknown. The early craftsmen who were able to mix a little bit of this with a drop or two of that and come up with startling new materials began to think of what they had done. Wouldn’t it be possible, they may have said to themselves, to change common metals into gold or silver? And, if they could find a magic elixer, might they be able to prolong life? These men were protected by the princes, kings, and popes of their day. Men of power, it would seem, always need more wealth. And more health. Alchemy was a medieval, metallurgical, superstition-laden, chemical science with touches of sorcery, religion, and experimentation. But the alchemists laid down the groundwork for modern science. The situation was complex. And in the ranks of the alchemists were crooks, quacks, and frauds. But there were many honest scientists, too. This is their story – the story of how some men tried to turn magic into science.” Thomas G. Aylesworth, The Alchemists Magic into Science Addison-Wesley, 1973, pg 11-12. Alchemists used trial-and-error method. Chemists used scientific method. Both wanted to understand the physical world around them better. Both strived for ways to cheat death (immortality) – the chemist with pharmaceutical drugs. Alchemists were the forerunners of modern chemists. “The history of alchemy is a history of men who were, on one hand, scientists, and on the other hand, dreamers. There is no way to separate the practical chemistry of the alchemists from their occasional fanciful excursions into the unknown. The early craftsmen who were able to mix a little bit of this with a drop or two of that and come up with startling new materials began to think of what they had done. Wouldn’t it be possible, they may have said to themselves, to change common metals into gold or silver? And, if they could find a magic elixer, might they be able to prolong life? These men were protected by the princes, kings, and popes of their day. Men of power, it would seem, always need more wealth. And more health. Alchemy was a medieval, metallurgical, superstition-laden, chemical science with touches of sorcery, religion, and experimentation. But the alchemists laid down the groundwork for modern science. The situation was complex. And in the ranks of the alchemists were crooks, quacks, and frauds. But there were many honest scientists, too. This is their story – the story of how some men tried to turn magic into science.” Thomas G. Aylesworth, The Alchemists Magic into Science Addison-Wesley, 1973, pg 11-12.