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Chapter 9 - Patterns of Inheritance

Chapter 9 - Patterns of Inheritance. AIM: Are we born this way or does the environment make us who we are?. TOPIC 3. Genetic Continuity. Chapter 9 - Patterns of Inheritance. AIM: Are we born this way or does the environment make us who we are?.

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Chapter 9 - Patterns of Inheritance

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  1. Chapter 9 - Patterns of Inheritance AIM: Are we born this way or does the environment make us who we are? TOPIC 3 Genetic Continuity

  2. Chapter 9 - Patterns of Inheritance AIM: Are we born this way or does the environment make us who we are? Our next adventure is into genetics or the study of heredity. Heredity is the passage of design information (DNA) from the parent(s) to the offspring.

  3. Chapter 9 - Patterns of Inheritance AIM: Are we born this way or does the environment make us who we are? Nature vs. Nurture Nature-Nurture is the classic debate concerning genetics (ones inherited genes - nature) vs. environment (nurture). Which is more important? Are you more intelligent than your friend because of the genes you were given by your parents or because of how your parents/teachers/etc… raised you? Or both…

  4. Chapter 9 - Patterns of Inheritance AIM: Are we born this way or does the environment make us who we are? Nature vs. Nurture Which do you think is more important, the genes that store the information to build your RNA and proteins, which built your mind, OR the environment that your mind was built in? Where would you look to determine if nature or nurture is more important? Identical twins (better yet, identical twins that were separated at birth)

  5. Chapter 9 - Patterns of Inheritance AIM: Are we born this way or does the environment make us who we are? The Pit-bull (left) and the Rottweiler (right) were both artificially selected for their aggression and natural tendency to guard objects. This means that this tendency is built into the wiring of their brains, which were built by proteins in cells, which were built from the information stored in the genes, which came from the dog’s parents…

  6. Chapter 9 - Patterns of Inheritance AIM: Are we born this way or does the environment make us who we are? The Pit-bull (left) and the Rottweiler (right) were both artificially selected for their aggression and natural tendency to guard objects. Artificial Selection: When humans choose which offspring to mate, forcing certain characteristics (traits).

  7. Chapter 9 - Patterns of Inheritance AIM: Describe the rules that govern how traits are inherited. Conclusion: The environment can affect gene expression (how much protein is made, etc…)

  8. Chapter 3 - The Molecules of Cells AIM: Describe the structure of DNA and RNA? Reminder Chromosomes (DNA; the books) contain thousands of genes (sentences) that code for RNA and in turn protein. **Proteins built you and maintain you and therefore they determine your traits. Genes thereforedetermine your traits (the color of your eyes, height, shape of your face, skin color, etc…) Heredity is the passing of ones genes to their offspring.

  9. Chapter 8 - The cellular bases of reproduction and inheritance AIM: Describe the eukaryotic cell cycle. Let’s look at the structure of DNA once more quickly

  10. Chapter 8 - The cellular bases of reproduction and inheritance AIM: Describe the eukaryotic cell cycle.

  11. C-G G-C A-T G-C G-C T-A T-A T-A A-T A-T A-T C-G C-G T-A C-G G-C

  12. C-G G-C A-T G-C G-C T-A T-A T-A A-T A-T A-T C-G C-G T-A C-G G-C

  13. Chapter 8 - The cellular bases of reproduction and inheritance AIM: Describe the eukaryotic cell cycle. DNA Double-stranded nucleic acid (the books) stuck in the nucleus (the library) in eukaryotes that contains the information (genes) to build every mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. Chromosome A single piece of double-stranded DNA and associated proteins like histones. Humans have 46 chromosomes in every cell with a nucleus (a single book). Chromatin All of the chromosomes in the nucleus combined.

  14. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene NEW AIM: How is DNA replicated DNA REPLICATION Immediately after determining the structure of DNA (1953), Watson and Crick proposed what is known as the semi-conservative model of DNA replication, and they happened to be correct although they would now know this until experiments done by American geneticists Meselson and Stahl in 1958…

  15. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How is DNA replicated – The semi-conservative model GENERAL OVERVIEW What must happen first? The DNA strands must separate (hydrogen bonds are broken between A-T and C-G base pairs). An enzyme known as DNA helicase does this (an enzyme that unwinds and opens a helix is called a helicase – get it?)…

  16. AIM: How is DNA replicated? Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How is DNA replicated – The semi-conservative model GENERAL OVERVIEW Now what must happen? -The two strands called template or parent strands will be used as a template to fill in the new strands. -The template is what you look at to make a new copy. It is a pattern you follow.

  17. AIM: How is DNA replicated? Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How is DNA replicated – The semi-conservative model GENERAL OVERVIEW Nucleotides, which are in high concentration and randomly diffusing around the cell (in the nucleus of eukaryotes, are correctly paired and attached to each other (dehydration synthesis) by the enzyme… DNA polymerase Fig. 10.4A

  18. AIM: How is DNA replicated? Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How is DNA replicated – The semi-conservative model Parent or template strands GENERAL OVERVIEW Daughter or complementary strands The result is two identical daughter chromosomes, each containing one strand from the original parent molecule and one newly synthesized strand called the daughter strand, which is complementary to the parent strand (semi-conservative). Fig. 10.4A

  19. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene NEW AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein? GENE EXPRESSION Going from Gene to Protein

  20. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene NEW AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein? How is the genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein so that the proteins can build and maintain you? ? Fig. 10.6A

  21. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein? What is the first step and what enzyme is involved? ? Fig. 10.6A

  22. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene NEW AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein? The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Transcribe means to make a written copy. mRNA is a copy of a segment of DNA, a gene. They are the same language – nucleic acid language. By RNA polymerase …and the second step?

  23. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene NEW AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein? The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Translate means to convert between languages. In this case, nucleic acid language is translated into amino acid language by the ribosome and tRNA. By the ribosome and tRNAs

  24. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein? The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Reminder (analogy): The nucleus is the library, the DNA/chromosomes are the reference books that cannot leave the library, and the mRNA is the transcription or copy of a small part of the DNA, a gene, that is slipped through the nuclear pore to a ribosome (rRNA + proteins) in the cytosol that will be involved in translating the nucleic acid language into amino acid language (a polypeptide) with the help of tRNA. Do bacteria have a library? They do not have a nucleus…transcription occurs in the semifluid (cytoplasm)

  25. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein? Fig. 10.7 Reminder: A single chromosome has thousands of genes… Each gene codes for? A complementary piece of RNA (mRNA, tRNA or rRNA) If the gene codes for mRNA, then the mRNA will code for? A protein

  26. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene NEW AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein? The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

  27. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein? Cracking the Genetic Code (Translating DNA/RNA Language into amino acid language) Genetic Code: The rules by which information is encoded in DNA/mRNA and translated into polypeptide sequences. The chromosomes are books, which would make a gene just one sentence in these books… Chromosomes = Books Gene = Sentence in the Book A copy of the sentence RNA = What does the “sentence” say?

  28. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein? Cracking the Genetic Code (Translating DNA/RNA Language into amino acid language) All English books are written using 26 letters arranged into different combinations to make words, which are combined to make sentences... RNA Nucleic Acid Language is MUCH simpler…

  29. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein? Cracking the Genetic Code (Translating DNA/RNA Language into amino acid language) RNA Nucleic Acid Language is MUCH simpler… 1. There are only 4 letters (A,U,G,C) 2. These letters combine to make “words”, called codons, which are only 3 letters long.

  30. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein? Cracking the Genetic Code (Translating DNA/RNA Language into amino acid language) RNA Nucleic Acid Language is MUCH simpler… 1. There are only 4 letters (A,U,G,C) 2. These letters combine to make “words”, called codons, which are only 3 letters long. How many different codons can be made from the four letters? *Only 64 words in the entire language!! (It could not be any simpler and still work) 4 x 4 x4 = 64

  31. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein? Cracking the Genetic Code (Deciphering DNA/RNA Language) What do these 64 codons code for? 1. Sixty-One of the codons code for an amino acid

  32. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein? Cracking the Genetic Code (Deciphering DNA/RNA Language) What do these 64 codons code for? 1. Sixty-One of the codons code for an amino acid Example: The codon AUG codes for the amino acid Methionine (Met) – this is typically the first or starting codon, which make __________ the first amino acid of most proteins Methionine

  33. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to protein? Cracking the Genetic Code (Deciphering DNA/RNA Language) What do these 64 codons code for? 1. Sixty-One of the codons code for an amino acid Example: The codon AUG codes for the amino acid Methionine (Met) – this is typically the first or starting codon, which make __________ the first amino acid of most proteins Methionine 2. Three of the codons tell the ribosome to stop – UAG, UAA, UGA

  34. NEW AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to Protein? The genetic code was cracked in the 1960’s, just after the structure of DNA was elucidated. The chart to the right is used to look up any RNA codon and determine the amino acid it codes for… The Genetic Code Fig. 10.8A

  35. NEW AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to Protein? There are Sixty-One codons coding for amino acids, but there are only how many amino acids? 20 What does that mean? Some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon like Leu, which is coded for by 6 codons! The Genetic Code Fig. 10.8A

  36. AIM: How is genetic information transmitted from DNA to Protein? OVERVIEW This is it! This is how every RNA/polypeptide in all of your cells is made starting from the gene!! Fig. 10.15

  37. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene NEW AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Mutagenesis Muta- = mutation = any change in the sequence of DNA -genesis = origin or production of Therefore, mutagenesis means to “Produce a mutation” or to produce any change in the DNA sequence of an organism.

  38. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? What causes mutations?

  39. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? mutations 1. Radiation • UV light from the sun - gamma rays from outside Earth (ex. Distant supernova) - Soil and certain rocks in the Earth’s crust contain radioactive radon gas -color TV, smoke detectors, computer monitors, X-ray machines, nuclear plants, etc…

  40. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Induced mutations A. Mutagens (carcinogens) 1. High energy radiation

  41. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Induced mutations A. Mutagens (carcinogens) 1. High energy radiation

  42. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Induced mutations A. Mutagens (carcinogens) 2. Chemicals B. Pollutants Ex. Cigarette Smoke

  43. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? A List of known carcinogens in cigarette smoke IQ 92-Amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) Isoprene Lead 5-Methyl-chrysene 2-Naphthylamine Nitrobenzene Nitrogen mustard Nitromethane 2-Nitropropane N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA) N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA) N-Nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) N-Nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) N-Nitrosodimethylamine (DMN) N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine (NEMA, MEN) 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone (NNK) N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP, NPP) N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR, NPY) Polonium-210 (Radon 222) Propylene oxide Safrole Styrene Tetrachloroethylene o-Toluidine (2-methylaniline) Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acrylamide Acrylonitrile 2-Amino-3,4-dimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ) 3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido [4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) 2-Amino-l-methyl-6-phenyl-1H-imidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (PhlP) 2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1) 3-Amino-l-methyl-5H-pyrido {4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (MeAaC) 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AaC) 4-Aminobiphenyl 2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-2) 0-Anisidine Arsenic Benz[a]anthracene Benzene Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[j]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzo[b]furan Beryllium 1,3-Butadiene Cadmium Catechol (1,2-benzenediol) p-Chloroaniline Chloroform Cobalt p,p'-DDT Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid (caffeic acid) Ethylbenzene Ethylene oxide Formaldehyde Furan Glycidol Heptachlor Hydrazine Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Trichloroethylene Urethane (carbamic acid, ethyl ester) Vinyl acetate Vinyl chloride 4-Vinylcyclohexene 2,6-Xylidine (2,6-dimethylaniline)

  44. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Induced mutations A. Mutagens (carcinogens) 2. Chemicals D. Food Additives i. Acesulfame K ii. Artificial coloring (blue-1, blue-2, red-3, yellow-6) iii. BHA and BHT iv. Nitrite and Nitrate v. Olestra vi. Potassium Bromate

  45. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Induced mutations A. Mutagens (carcinogens) 5. Certain drugs Ex. Chemotherapy drugs 6. Viruses (Oncoviruses) a. HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) b. EBV (Epstein Barr Virus) c. Hepatitis C virus

  46. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Types of Mutations that can occur.

  47. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Types of Mutations Fig. 10.16B

  48. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Types of Mutations 1. Point mutations – this type of mutation is called a point mutation because it happens at a single point (single letter)

  49. Chapter 10 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AIM: How are genes altered and what is the result? Types of Mutations In this case, the mutation caused an amino acid change in the protein, which will cause a structural change in the protein/polypeptide and possibly a change in the protein’s function.

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