Thursday, August 1 st

1. Thursday, August 1st • 3rd Assembly!  • Looking at ethics today • Different studies • Clips • Milgram case study

2. Warm Up: July 31st- August 1st • What are two differences between collectivism and individualism?

3. LESSON 2.1The Scientific Process in Psychology OBJECTIVES Explain critical thinking and why it is important in psychology. Describe the stages in the psychological research process.

4. Violent TV • Do you believe that if children watch violent TV programs that they will act more aggressively? • How do you know? What evidence do you have?

5. What is in the bag???

6. What’s in the bag? • How could you learn more without looking inside? • What kinds of tests could you develop? • We are going to learn about the scientific process that is used to uncover the wonders of the mind.

7. Scientific Methods • Scientific methods consist of a set of procedures used to gather, analyze, and interpret information in a way that reduces error and leads to dependent conclusions.

8. Directions?? • How do you build a model plane? • Do you make it without looking at the directions? • Do you take the time to read the instructions and follow a plan? • Psychology must design a plan of action.

9. Video on Violence in Media and Children

10. Ethics in Research

11. Ethics • eth·ics • Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. • The term comes from the Greek word ethos, which means "character". 

12. Guidelines for Conducting Researchwith Human Participants • Provide information to allow informed consent. • Be truthful whenever possible. • Allow participants to decline or discontinue participation. • Protect participants from physical and psychological harm. • Keep participant information confidential. • Debrief participants.

13. 1. Provide information to allow informed consent. • Informed consent- •  Is a process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person.

14. Ghostbusters- Is this ethical?

15. Tuskegee Experiment • 1932- 1972 in Tuskegee, Alabama by the U.S. Public Health Service  • Study progression untreated syphilis in poor, rural black men • Thought they were receiving free health care • 600 impoverished, African-American sharecroppers from Macon County, Alabama • 399 who had previously contracted syphilis before the study began, and 201 without the disease.

16. Bad blood? • They were never told they had syphilis, nor were they ever treated for it. • According to the Centers for Disease Control, the men were told they were being treated for "bad blood"

18. The Monster Study 1939 • Was a stuttering experiment on 22 orphan children in Davenport, Iowa, in 1939 conducted by Wendell Johnson at the University of Iowa. • After placing the children in control and experimental groups, he gave positive speech therapy to half of the children, praising the fluency of their speech, and negative speech therapy to the other half, belittling the children for every speech imperfection and telling them they were stutterers.

19. Little Albert • John Watson, father of behaviorism, was a psychologist who was apt to using orphans in his experiments. Watson wanted to test the idea of whether fear was innate or a conditioned response. • Little Albert, the nickname given to the nine month old infant that Watson chose from a hospital, was exposed to a white rabbit, a white rat, a monkey, masks with and without hair, cotton wool, burning newspaper, and a miscellanea of other things for two months without any sort of conditioning. • Then experiment began by placing Albert on a mattress in the middle of a room. A white laboratory rat was placed near Albert and he was allowed to play with it. At this point, the child showed no fear of the rat.

20. Little Albert cont. • Then Watson would make a loud sound behind Albert’s back by striking a suspended steel bar with a hammer when the baby touched the rat. • In these occasions, Little Albert cried and showed fear as he heard the noise. • After this was done several times, Albert became very distressed when the rat was displayed. Albert had associated the white rat with the loud noise and was producing the fearful or emotional response of crying. • Fear for anything fluffy or white

21. Landis’ Facial Expression Study • The aim of this experiment was to see if all people have a common expression when feeling disgust, shock, joy, and so on. • They were then exposed to a variety of stimuli designed to create a strong reaction. • As each person reacted, they were photographed by Landis. • The subjects were made to smell ammonia, to look at pornography, and to put their hands into a bucket of frogs. But the controversy around this study was the final part of the test.

22. Landis’ Facial Expression Study cont. • Participants were shown a live rat and given instructions to behead it. • While all the participants were repelled by the idea, fully one third did it. • Most of the students had no idea how to perform this operation in a humane manner and the animals were forced to experience great suffering. • One third refused to perform the decapitation- Landis would pick up the knife and cut the animals head off for them.

23. David Reimer; 1965-2004 • Was born a boy in Canada in 1965. • At eight months old, he was brought in for a standard procedure: circumcision. • during the process his penis was burned off. • When the parents visited psychologist John Money, he suggested a simple solution to a very complicated problem: a sex change. • His parents were distraught about the situation, but they eventually agreed to the procedure. They didn’t know that the doctor’s true intentions were to prove that nurture, not nature, determined gender identity. • For his own selfish gain, he decided to use David as his own private case study.

24. David, now Brenda, had a constructed vagina and was given hormonal supplements. • Dr. Money called the experiment a success, neglecting to report the negative effects of Brenda’s surgery. • Her parents did not inform her of the horrific accident as an infant. This caused a devastating tremor through the family. Brenda’s mother was suicidal, her father was alcoholic, and her brother was severely depressed. • Finally, Brenda’s parents gave her the news of her true gender when she was fourteen years old- became David again. • At the age of 38, David committed suicide.

26. Let’s try it… Dr. Smith has developed a new type of therapy that she claims is particularly effective for patients who are afraid of some social situations, such as public speaking or meeting strangers. You are a therapist who has a patient struggling with such difficulties and not responding to conventional therapy. You haven’t been trained in Smith therapy. Should you try this therapy?

27. Let’s try it… A patient at the University of California told a psychologist at the student health center that he wanted to kill someone and named the person. The campus police were told; they interviewed the patient and let him go. The patient then killed his targeted victim. The dead women’s parents sued the university for “failure to warn.” The case eventually wound its way to California’s highest court.

28. Activity: Ethics in the Milgram Study • You will look at the Milgram Study to determine whether it was ethical or not. • You are to read the three part case study and answer the questions that correspond to it. • The packet will count as your first assessment (80 points). • I will allow you to work with another person as long as you are working together, and not simply copying.

29. Warm Up: • What was the Milgram study about? • Why was it unethical?

30. Monday, August 5th • Welcome back! • Any news? • This week: finish Ethics today(animals) • Start advertising tomorrow • Test next week

31. Ethics For Animals

32. Standards for the Humane Care and Treatment of Laboratory Animals • Animals are properly cared for. • Subjecting animals to painful or stressful procedures is used only when an alternative procedure is unavailable. • Surgical procedures are performed under appropriate anesthesia, and techniques to avoid infection and minimize pain are followed. • When an animal’s life must be ended, it is done rapidly, with an effort to minimize pain.

33. 1965 Learned Helplessness • In 1965, psychologists Mark Seligman and Steve Maier conducted an experiment in which three groups of dogs were placed in harnesses. • Dogs from group one were released after a certain amount of time, with no harm done. • Dogs from group two were paired up and leashed together, and one from each pair was given electrical shocks that could be ended by pressing a lever. • Dogs from group three were also paired up and leashed together, one receiving shocks, but the shocks didn’t end when the lever was pressed. Shocks came randomly and seemed inevitable, which caused “learned helplessness,” the dogs assuming that nothing could be done about the shocks. The dogs in group three ended up displaying symptoms of clinical depression.

34. Later, group three dogs were placed in a box with by themselves. They were again shocked, but they could easily end the shocks by jumping out of the box. These dogs simply “gave up,” again displaying learned helplessness. The image above is a healthy pet dog in a science lab, not an animal used in experimentation.

35. Monkey Drug Trials- 1969 • A large group of monkeys and rats were trained to inject themselves with drugs, including morphine, alcohol, codeine, cocaine, and amphetamines. • Once the animals were capable of self-injecting, they were left to their own devices with a large supply of each drug. • The animals were so disturbed that some tried so hard to escape that they broke their arms in the process. • The monkeys taking cocaine suffered convulsions and in some cases tore off their own fingers), one monkey taking amphetamines tore all of the fur from his arm and abdomen, and in the case of cocaine and morphine combined, death would occur within 2 weeks. • The point of the experiment was simply to understand the effects of addiction and drug use

36. Continuing Stages in Psychological Research Projects

37. LESSON 2.2Commonly Used Scientific Methods OBJECTIVES Explain observational research. Explain correlation research. Explain experimental research.

38. What is missing or different?

39. Observational Research Naturalistic Observation Participant Observation Case Study

40. Naturalistic Observation • Naturalistic observation is a scientific method that describes how people of animals behave in their natural environment.

41. Examples • Example: day care center where psychologists observe and record children play. • May try to manipulate or change behavior.

42. Examples • Example: Robert Levine and Ara Norenzoryan walking study. • 31 countries- different climates • Those in cold climates walked faster (Japan, Switzerland) • Those in warmer climates walked slower (Mexico, Indonesia)

43. Jane Goodall

44. Participant Observation • Participant observation is a scientific method in which a researcher describes behavior as it occurs in its natural environment, and does so as a participant of the group being studied. • Allows researchers to get close to the people that they are studying.

45. Example • 1956: Leon Festinger and colleagues joined a doomsday cult who believed the world was going to end on a specific date.

46. Case Study • A casestudy is a scientific method involving an in-depth analysis of a single subject. • Result is a detailed analysis of one person. • Extensive description. • Studies for psychological disorders. • Advantage: Useful for one particular disorder • Disadvantage: cannot generalize because it is only one person out of millions of people.

47. Famous Case study- Genie

48. Demand Characteristics in Research Activity • Demand Characteristics: expectations that are specific to a situation. • What are demand characteristics in research? • Meeting a boyfriend/girlfriend’s parents • Interviewing for a job • Going to the movies

49. Placebo effect • A change in a participant’s illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect rather than the actual treatment

50. Correlation Research