review

1. Water reabsorption Diuretics review

2. 3 parts to water reabsorption: • 1. reabsorption of salt • 2. establishment of solute gradient • 3. reabsorption of water Water reabsorption

3. Sodium (Na) and water is filtered through at glomerulus however, about 99% of is reabsorbed back into the blood stream

4. Hormones help regulate the reabsorption of salt at the distal convoluted tubule • Renin • Secretes aldosterone • Aldosterone • Excretes Potassium ions (K+) and reabsorption of Sodium ions (Na+) Reabsorption of salt

5. Na that isn’t reabsorbed at the PCT is reabsorbed at the Loop of Henle • Descending limb • Permeable to water • Filtrate is more concentrated • Ascending Limb • Impermeable to water • Filtrate becomes more dilute Here medulla salty Establishment of a solute gradient

6. Collecting Duct • 1. If the body needs water (dehydrated) it releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) • collecting duct becomes permeable to water • Water diffuses out of the collecting duct • Less urine, and more concentrated • 2. If the body is hydrated it will not release ADH • diuretic means increase amount of urine • Collecting duct remains impermeable to water • More urine, more diluted expelled from the bladder Reabsorption of water

7. Alcohol suppresses ADH production by the pituitary Without ADH, higher amounts of water stay in the urine Urine with high concentrations of water leaves the body Alcohol affects

8. Examples of diuretics • Coffee • Tea • Energy drinks • Supplements/pills Diuretics

9. Benefits • Help lower blood pressure • Reduce bloating • Risks • Frequent urination • Electrolyte abnormalities • Extreme tiredness or weakness • Muscle cramps or weakness • Dizziness, lightheadedness • Dehydration • Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting Side effects

10. Acid-base balance • Normal pH 7.4 • If we have a pH above this it is called alkalosis • If we have a pH below this it is called acidosis Regulatory function of Kidneys

11. Too much base in blood • Can be caused by: • High altitude (less oxygen) • Sweating/vomiting • Lack of potassium • Symptoms: nausea, numbness, muscle spasms, tremors • Prevent • Healthy foods, drinking enough fluids Alkalosis

12. Too much acid in blood • Can be caused by: • Dehydration • Diet (high fat, low carb) • Can cause fatigue, headaches, lack of appetite, funny breath • Prevent • Foods Acidosis

13. There are a number of different mechanisms that try to keep our blood at 7.4pH level • 1. Acid-Base Buffer System • 2. Respiratory Center • 3. Kidneys Regulating pH levels

14. Buffers try to counter act a base or an acid • Chemical or combination of chemicals that try to take up excess hydrogen ion (acid) or excess hydroxide ions (base) Acid-Base Buffer

15. When there is too much acid (H+) it will combine with a weak base buffer (HCO3) • The weak base “soaks” up the stronger acid to try and neutralize it • When there is too much base (OH-) it wil combine with a weak acid buffer (H2C03) to neutralize it Acid-Base Buffer

16. If there is too much H+ in our blood our breathing rate increase • This causes excess of H+ to be released • Breath out C02 and H20 Respiratory center

17. Kidneys are our best mechanism for removing large amounts of acid or base from our blood • Excess acid in blood • H+ ions are excreted • OH- reabsorbed • If excess of base in blood • H+ are not excreted • OH- is not reabsorbed • This is because urine is already very acidic when it is excreted the excess of OH will follow Kidneys

18. Ketosis • Happens when your body resorts to fat for energy after your stored carbohydrates have been burned out • It occurs in people who eat low-carb, high-protein diets • Atkins • Ketogenic diet • Diets work by using fat stores as primary source of energy you may lose weight. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0N3iwMak-SU • 20:35-28:00 How can food affect our kidneys?

19. Ketosis • What is it? • buildup of a substance known as ketones, in your blood. They are released when your body’s carbohydrate stores run out and you have to break down fat stores for energy Ketosis

20. What causes it? • This can typically happen when the body is lacking insulin and blood glucose levels become high • Often associated with being on a high protein, low carb diet • A low level of carbohydrate will lead to low levels of insulin, • body will produce ketones which do not rely on insulin to get into and fuel the body’s cells. • Can also be related to diabetes • Excessive alcohol consumption Ketosis

21. Effects on the kidney • Extra strain on Kidneys • In processing higher amounts of protein, your kidneys work harder • Frequent urination • Increase in sodium, calcium and potassium excreted • Kidney stones • Kidney failure Ketosis

22. Other side effects • Low blood pressure • another function mediated by your kidneys due to extra fluid and electrolyte • Increase acidity in blood • Osteoporosis • Headaches • Dizziness • Muscle cramps • Nausea • Bad breath Ketosis

23. Treatment • Prevention • Healthy diet that has a balance of carbohydrates, fats and protein • Insulin therapy along Ketosis

24. Other facts • Dr. Atkins invented the atkins diet in 1972 • Became very popular in 2000’s and was one of many low carb diets • Ketosis can cause bad breath that is often described like smelling like nail polish remover Ketosis

25. Create a poster about a disorder of the kidney or bladder • Your poster should have the following: • Brief description of the disorder • Causes of the disease or disorder • Symptoms of the disease or disorder • Treatments for the disease or disorder • Any other Important Information for the disease or disorder • Reference List (minimum 3 sources) • You will also be graded on: • Visuals (include pictures) • Neatness • Creativity • Rubric to follow Research Project

26. Topics Research project