HSP3U

1. HSP3U Archeology/Human Evolution/Defining Humans February 19th, 2015

2. Archeology • Archeology is the ________ anthropology of the past • Archeologists excavate ________ remains of past cultures to __________ and reconstruct them • Some archeologists study cultures with no _______ record (prehistory) or study sites that have a recorded history to supplement their understanding of the ___________ • Often, written histories are __________ or contain only some ________ of society • Archeologists work with _________ and physical and cultural anthropologists to make sense of the past

3. Prehistoric Archeology • For civilizations with no ________ record, __________ is the only way to find out how people lived hundreds or thousands of years ago • By understanding the movements of certain __________ (tobacco for example) archeologists can understand trade _______, contact between peoples, and agricultural and _________ practices

4. Archeology and History • Archeology can also tell us about the _____ life of people who may not be included in the _________ history • Archeology is the _________, documentation, and analysis of ________ that remain to shed light on human prehistory, _________, and cultural evolution • William Rathje concluded from his study that what people say they do, and what they actually do are different, that these differences are __________, and that often people will do the exact opposite of what they say • Examples???

5. Physical Anthropology

6. Physical Anthropology • Physical anthropologists want to know: • Where humans, as a species, come from • How our bodies evolved to their present form • What makes humans unique

7. Paleoanthropology • Often called the ‘_______’ and ‘________’ branch of physical anthropology • It is the study of human __________ based on evidence from the distant evolutionary _____ • These human-like ancestors were called hominins • Much of the __________ is in the form of preserved _________ or impressions of biological matter or _________ • Evidence includes skeletal remains, ancient ______, animal bones, and remains of vegetable matter

8. What can Anthropologists learn from ancient bones?? • In 1974, D. Johnson found the skeletal remains of ‘______’ (named after the Beatles song) • Lucy is part of a new _______ species, that walked the earth 3.2 _______years ago • Lucy has provided anthropologists with a wealth of __________ (found femur and pelvis, teeth and skull fragments) • In 2006, another ancestral skeleton was found in the Afar triangle in Ethiopia – named Selam • Selam had the earliest confirmation of a ________ bone, which indicates the origin for ________ (hyoid is the bone found in larynx that supports the muscles in the throat and tongue)

9. Where do humans come from??? • Charles Darwin established the theory of _______ selection – explained how animals and plants __________ • In 1831 he spent 4 years on the HMS Beagle where he made observations of wildlife and ________ he collected • He proposed that species are forced to ________, otherwise the species would become _________ – process of natural selection/survival of the _______, only the most successful traits get passed on • Huge societal impact! • He was the first person to provide evidence of the African ________ of humanity

10. When did humans walk upright? • One of the major __________ between humans and other __________ is that humans walk habitually on ______ legs • This ____________ is called bipedalism • Anthropologists examine ________ and look for traits that would be supportive of the bipedal form of ____________ • One of the most important finds in paleoanthropology was Mary Leakey’s discovery of Laetoli __________(preserved in volcanic ash) – indicate bipedalism began at least 3.6 _________ years ago, well before the development of larger ________ in hominins

11. What can Anthropologists learn from ancient stones? • Stone _______ help paleoanthropologists accurately ______ a site and discover more about the hominins who used them • The oldest stone tools are large cobbles or choppers, which are about 2.5 __________ years old • Examining old stone tools, the most effective part is the small flake ________, the flakes are razor sharp and can be used to butcher ________ or make sharp sticks • While experimentation can tell anthropologists what a tool could be used for, __________ analysis of a tool can indicate what it was actually used for • Polished tool can indicate if it was used to cut meat, wood or plants Another method is to examine ancient animal bones for ______ It is evident that hominins were cutting meet at least 2.5 million years ago

12. Reflect and Respond • Answer questions #2-5 pg. 43