Optionality: forms, intended benefits and potential issues

1. Optionality:forms, intended benefits and potential issues Sandra Johnson, Assessment Europe SQA Research seminar, October 2013

2. What is “optionality”? Any feature in examinations that allows different candidates for the same qualification to achieve that qualification through different assessment routes

3. Forms of optionality Appears in the context of the question rather than the content Allows candidates to choose between items of mandatory content Reflects optional content in courses Embedded within questions Parallel papers/units Class-based tasks

4. Example 1 Higher SQP: Spanish Reading and Writing– Section 2 Writing • Choose one of the following four writing scenarios on the contexts of employability, culture, culture and learning that you have studied in the course. • Write approximately 120-150 words. • OPTION 1 • You have just come back from a summer job in Spain and you have been asked to write a report for your school’s/college’s Spanish webpage.  You must include the following information • Where you worked and how you got there everyday • What you had to do every day as part of your duties and why you enjoyed them or did not enjoy them • How you got on with your boss and the other employees • How you think this experience will help you in the future • OPTION 2 • You recently watched a Spanish film at an International film festival.  You have been asked to write a review of the film, in Spanish, for a Spanish website.  You must include the following information: • An outline of the plot of the film and a description of one of the major scenes • A description of the main characters and why you liked or disliked them • What the themes were and which one you considered to be the most important • Why you would recommend the film to other young people

5. Example 2Higher SQP: Media • Attempt BOTH questions • You should use different examples of media content in your response to each question. • 1. Media Content in Context • How audiences respond to genre texts can depend on the mixture of expected and unexpected elements within them. • Analyse how this statement could apply to media content you have studied. In your response you must cover: • the ways in which genre markers are evident in narrative structures, codes and/or conventions (10 marks) • the ways in which genre markers are evident in at least one other key aspect from categories, language or representation (10 marks) • the ways in which different audiences might respond to expected and unexpected elements of the genre (10 marks) • You can use the bullet points to structure your response, or integrate your responses to the bullet points in any appropriate way. • 2.The Role of Media •  The media is consistently criticised as being intrusive, out of control or problematic in some other way. Often, the response from the media is that it is simply meeting needs. • Discuss this statement with reference to media content you have studied.

6. Example 3Higher SQP: Politics – Section 1 Political Theory Answer either Question B1 or Question B2 and Question B3 B1 Compare the importance of the Executive in making policy, with reference to two political systems you have studied. In your answer you should compare three aspects of policy making. 12 marks B2 Compare the importance of the Judiciary, with reference to two political systems you have studied. In your answer you should identify three aspects of the Judiciary. 12 marks

7. Example 4Higher SQP: Biology – Section 2 8. Answer either A OR B. A Describe how animals survive adverse conditions. OR B Describe recombinant DNA technology. Labelled diagrams may be used where appropriate

8. Example 5National 5 English Critical Reading Total marks — 40 SECTION 1 — Scottish Text — 20 marks Read an extract from a Scottish text you have previously studied and attempt the questions. Choose ONE text from either Part A — Drama Pages 2–7 or Part B — Prose Pages 8–17 or Part C — Poetry Pages 18–25 Attempt All the questions for your chosen text. SECTION 2 — Critical Essay — 20 marks Write ONE critical essay on a previously studied text from the following genres — Drama, Prose, Poetry, Film and Television Drama, or language. Your answer must be on a different genre from that chosen in Section 1.

9. Motivations for introducing optionality (intended benefits) To allow flexibility in curriculum coverage To maximise learning motivation and test motivation for candidates To provide opportunities for candidates to build on their strengths and interests

10. Historic debates about the value of optionality – some evidence from the literature: Should optional questions be used in examinations? Stalnaker, J.W., School and Society, 1935 Optional questions in tests and examinations Devadson, M.D., Teacher Education, 1963 Test performance and the use of optional questions Ducette, J. & Wolk, S., Journal of Experimental Education, 1972 Question choice in examinations: an experiment in geography and science Taylor, E.G. & Nuttall, D.I., Educational Research, 1974 O level examined: the effect of question choice. Willmott, A.S. & Hall, C.G. Schools Council, 1975.

11. Issues: validity, reliability, fairness Validity (comparability of demand) Wisdom of candidates’ choices* Reliability Grading (all candidates in the undifferentiated test score distribution) Fairness to candidates *Willmott, A.S. & Hall, C.G. (1975) O level examined: the effect of question choice. Schools Council. Candidates do not always make the wisest question choices

12. Principal sources of mark variation in assessment Mark variation in testing situations principally arises from genuine between-candidate differences in the construct being assessed (e.g. history knowledge, mathematical ability, investigation skills), but also from between-question differences (in apparent difficulty), between marker differences (in standards), and “interaction effects” (e.g. markers marking more or less severely than others on particular questions, candidates performing better than others on some but not all questions – “jagged profiles”). Interaction effects contribute to measurement error in candidate ranking applications, including examination-based grading. Where candidates can choose to respond to different questions then grading validity issues arise.

13. Example1A 2-section electrotechnical qualification paper Section A – 20 3-mark short-answer questions Section B – 6 15-mark structured questions No optionality

14. Example1 continued:The total mark distribution for the electrotechnical paper

15. Example 1 continued: % contributions to score variation in the two sections Johnson, S., Johnson, R., Miller, L. & Boyle, A. (2013) Reliability of Vocational Assessment: An evaluation of level 3 electro-technical qualifications.Coventry: Ofqual.

16. Example 1 continued: % contributions to score variation in the two sections Section B differentiated more among the candidates than did Section A while there was more between–question variation in Section A than in Section B. In both sections more than half of the variation in candidate-question-marker scores could be attributed to candidate-question interaction, i.e. inconsistent performances by individual candidates across the questions (examiners put this down to poor candidate preparation).

17. Example 1 continued: Reliability measures for the two paper sections Reliability for the whole paper: 0.71 (95% CI around total test mark ± 20.3)

18. Example 2: A GCE history question paper one of several alternative Unit 1 papers presented three extended response questions candidates were required to answer two questions so in practice there were three different pathways through the paper each question was worth 60 marks for a 120-mark paper total

19. Example 2 continued: Total mark distribution for the history paper

20. Example 2 continued:Reliability statistics for the three history papers Candidates who opted for pathway q2q3 were more reliably assessed than those who opted for pathway q1q2 or pathway q1q3 Johnson, S. & Johnson, R, (2012) Component reliability in GCSE and GCE Coventry: Ofqual.

21. Example 3: A GCE AS geography paper a 2-section paper two three-part open-ended questions in each section allowed candidates to choose between items of mandatory content candidates were required to answer one question from each section so in practice there were four different pathways through the paper each question was worth 35 marks for a 70-mark paper total

22. Example 3 continued: Mark distributions for the geography paper (2009-2011; same structure, different content!)

23. Example 3:Reliability indices for the embedded geography papers Pathways q1q4 and q2q4 were very much more popular than pathways q1q3 and q2q3. The reliability statistics look similar, but the analysis could not take into account all the measurement error contributions, since marking was clip-based (i.e. part-questions were electronically randomly allocated to markers for marking). Baird, J-A., Hayes, M., Johnson, R. Johnson, S. & Lamprianou, I. (2013) Marker effects and examination reliability. Coventry: Ofqual.

24. Example 3: Reliability indices for part-questions in the embedded geography papers NB. The lesser popularity of optional pathways involving q1 or q3, combined with the systematic random allocation of seeded clips to markers from across the whole candidate entry, meant that there were too few multiply marked clips available for the reliability of marking of q1 and q3 to be explored

25. Some questions to conclude: Should optionality be encouraged or eliminated? If continued in future paper design – what forms would be most appropriate? How can comparability in level of knowledge/skill demand be assured across optional choices? How should marker reliability studies be modified to accommodate differential option popularity? How soon can comprehensive reliability studies be introduced to look at optional pathways? Without question pretesting, what might be done to give all candidates fair grading outcomes in the context of optionality?