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Black Holes : Most Energetic Explosions in the Universe after Big-Bang

2006.05.18@physics.cnu.ac.kr. Black Holes : Most Energetic Explosions in the Universe after Big-Bang. Chang-Hwan Lee@. Motivation. Black Hole Binaries as possible sources of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Hypernovae. Final Conclusion will be. Believe or Not.

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Black Holes : Most Energetic Explosions in the Universe after Big-Bang

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  1. 2006.05.18@physics.cnu.ac.kr Black Holes : Most Energetic Explosions in the Universe after Big-Bang Chang-Hwan Lee@

  2. Motivation Black Hole Binaries as possible sources of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Hypernovae

  3. Final Conclusionwill be Believe or Not • Association between Gamma-Ray Bursts and Supernova/Hypernova explosions are observed. • We have seen evidences of Hypernovae explosions in black hole binaries. • Ironically, Black Holes are the sources of the most energetic explosions in the Universe after Big Bang

  4. Plan of Talk • Gamma-Ray Burst • Hypernovae from Soft X-ray Transients (SXTs: Black Hole Binaries) • Discovery of Mass-Period Relation in Black Hole Binaries

  5. Gamma-ray Burst ?

  6. Gamma-Ray Burst Duration: milli sec - min 1970s : Vela Satellite 1990s: CGRO, Beppo-SAX 2000s: HETE-II, Swift

  7. Galactic ?

  8. Cosmological Diatance !

  9. Two groups of GRBs • Short Hard Gamma-ray Bursts:Duration time < 2 secNS-NS, NS-(Low-Mass)BH mergers • Long-duration Gamma-ray Bursts Main Topic of This Talk

  10. Short-Hard Gamma-ray Burst : Colliding NS binaries Very Important for Gravitational Waves Science 308 (2005) 939

  11. Long-duration GRBs: Afterglow Host Galaxy Association = Distance Estimation

  12. Gamma-Ray Bursts are the brightest events in the Universe. • During their peak, they emit more energy than all the stars and galaxies in the Universe combined !

  13. GRB/Supernova Association GRB030329/Supernova Association (z=0.2: closest GRB/Afterglow) Top 10 Scientific Achievement in 2003 [New York Times] Nature 423 (2003), 843, 844, 847 Afterglow GRB980425 SN1998bw

  14. What caused GRB/Supernova ? Most-likely Black Holes Callapsar: Asymmetric Explosion of a Massive Star Most-likely Rapid-Rotation

  15. Hypernovae & Black Holes Observed Black Hole Binaries [ Soft X-ray Transients ]

  16. Compact Stars • White Dwarf [M < 1.4 Msun; R=1000 km] • Neutron Star [M < 3 Msun; R < 15 km] • Black Holes Density of Neutron Star 1 cm3 All buildings in Busan

  17. Theoretical Black Holes ? Einstein’s General Relativity Sun : r = 3 km Earch : r = 9 mm Light cannot escape ! Total Nonsense !?

  18. Now we believe that black holes exist ! X-ray Observations (2002 Nobel Prize) • First Observation 1962 • First X-ray SatelliteUhuru (Dec. 1970) • .. • Current MissionsChandra (NASA) XMM-Newton (Europe) • Future Xeus (ESA), Constellation-X(NASA), etc Chandra (NASA)

  19. 1962 Aerobee Rocket Exp X-ray Astronomy 1970s ANS uhuru Vela-5b Ariel-V SAS-3 HEAO-1 HEAO-2 1980s EXOSAT Tenma Ginga 1990s ROSAT ASCA RXTE SAX Chandra XMM-Newton

  20. Nobel Prize 2002 1895, X-ray Wilhelm Röntgen 1962, Sco X-1 Riccardo Giacconi Earth Atmosphere 67 years ! 1930s Theorist’s Solar X-ray ? 1950s Cosmological X-ray Sources ? 1948년 T. R. Burnight Solar X-ray Detect

  21. Centaurus A

  22. Number of X-ray Sources 1970s 1990s  1,000  50,000

  23. Sources of Strong X-ray in the Universe X-ray emission by accretion • Neutron Stars [M < 3 MSun; R <15 km] • Black Holes • … …

  24. What is a black hole in real observation ? • Souce of strong X-ray emission • X-ray emission region is very small • No stable star exists with given mass & size Beyond Neutron Star We call it a Black Hole !

  25. Observed Black Holes • Center of galaxies [106-109 Msun] • Black Hole Binaries (Soft X-ray Transients )

  26. Center of a galaxy (M87) Jet=100000 light year

  27. Active Galactic Nuclei 3C 273, QSO BHs in the center of most of AGN

  28. Main topic of our research Black Hole Binaries in our Galaxy Galactic Disk XTE J1118+480

  29. X-ray & Optical Telescopes Oscillating Brightness (GRO J1655-40)

  30. 15 Black Hole Binaries observed > 3000 active black hole binaries in our Galaxy

  31. Black hole binaries! What’s going on? Explosions from black holes?

  32. m=2Msun ; MBH=6Msun Nova Sco 94 [Xi/H]: logarithmic abundances relative to solar Israelial et al. 1999, Nature It’s impossible for normal stars! Where did they come from?

  33. Abundances in the secondary of Nova Sco They had to come from black hole progenitor when it exploded. Hypernova to explain the observations. Nomoto et al.

  34. Another evidence ? C.M. System velocity (-106 km/s) : Abrupt Mass Loss by Explosion Mg,Si,S,…

  35. Hypernova Explosions from Rotating BH Spinning BH (QPOs) High Black Hole Mass ( > 5 Msun) --- Maximum Neutron Star Mass < 2 Msun

  36. Hypernovae in BH X-ray Binaries We have seen it twice. So, it happens Everywhere? Nova Sco, V4641 Sgr

  37. Q) How can we understand these observations ?

  38. Evolution of BH Progenitor • Phase I Goal : At the time BH Formation • Phase II • Evolution of Donor Star • Current Observation

  39. Phase I High Mass Black Hole progenitor (20-40 Msolar) • Bigger star evolves fast ! • High Mass Black Hole is formed when the separation is large (meet at supergiant stage) • NS/LMBH is formed when the separation is relatively small (meet at/before red giant stage)

  40. Phase I C NS/LMBH HMBH B No feedback to the iron core because already evolved A

  41. Phase I Mass gap between observed NS & BH ? HMBH (5-10 Msun) NS/LMBH (< 2 Msun)

  42. Phase I NS LMBH HMBH Formation in Case C HMBH Phase II Current 1915+105(108 Rsun)

  43. At the time BH Formation • Kerr parameter Preexplosion orbital period (days)

  44. Reconstructed Black Hole Binaries at Birth BH spin : 10000 /sec Hypernovae & GRBs

  45. Hypernovae & GRBs from Rotating BH • BH binaries can produce rapidly rotating black hole • Rapidly rotating black hole can cause energetic explosions • Asymmetric Explosion

  46. Gamma Ray Bursts from Black Hole Systems • Energy > 1051 ergs • Rinit = O(100 km) • M < 30 Msun • dT = ms – min • …… Most likely BHs ! BH Binary is natural source of rapidly rotating black hole Energy in Hypernovae = Energy in GRBs BH Binaries -> Long Time Scale GRBs (> 2 sec)

  47. Final Conclusion Believe or Not • Association between Gamma-Ray Bursts and Supernova explosions are observed. • We have seen evidences of Hypernovae explosions in black hole binaries. • Ironically, Black Holes are the sources of the most energetic explosions in the Universe after Big Bang

  48. Nobel Prizes in Astro-particle Physics 1967: H.A. Bethe (CNO cycle) 1974: A. Hewish (discovery of Radio Pulsar) 1983: S. Chandrasekhar (works on WD, NS, BH) 1993: R. Hulse & J. Taylor (Binary Pulsar) (Gravitational Wave Radiation) 2002: M. Koshiba & R. Giacconi Neutrinos from SN 1987A, X-ray Satellite All of them are related to Neutron Star & Black Holes because H.A. Bethe worked on Black Holes !!!

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