Final Exam Review

1. Final Exam Review Multiple Choice Section

2. Review Day 1 • Which of the following is NOT one of the main areas of Earth Science? • Geology C. Astrology • Oceanography D. Astronomy • What is the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate? • Oceanography C. Meteorology • Geology D. Astronomy • The outer planets-Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune-are made up of _____. • Hydrogen, helium, water • Iron, nickel, carbon dioxide • Carbon, oxygen, methane • Water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane

3. The crust and uppermost mantle make up the rigid outer layer of Earth called the _______. • Geosphere C. Lithosphere • Asthenosphere D. Lower Mantle • The distance, measured in degrees, north and south of the equator is referred to as _____. • Longitude C. The Prime Meridian • Latitude D. The Poles • Differences in elevation are best shown using a _______. • Mercator Projector • Gnomonic Projection Map • Robinson Projection Map • Topographic Map

4. Review Day 2 • Earth is considered a system because all of its pieces _________. • Represent separate closed systems • Interact • Were formed at the same time • Are powered by the same energy sources • Which of the following is NOT caused by human interactions with the Earth system? • Air pollution C. Mountain building • Water pollution D. Deforestation • A scientific hypothesis can become a theory if ________. • The entire scientific community accepts it • The hypothesis is tested extensively and competing hypothesis are eliminated • There are no other competing hypotheses • The hypothesis can be tested at least once

5. Which of the following is NOT one of the eight most common elements in Earth’s continental crust? • Carbon C. Oxygen • Silicon D. Aluminum • The central region of an atom is called the __________. • Proton C. Nucleus • Electron D. Neutron • When two or more elements bond together in definite proportions, they form a(n) __________. • Ion C. Nucleus • Atom D. Compound

6. Review Day 3 • A mineral that contains carbon, oxygen, and the metallic element magnesium would be classified as a(n) ______. • Silicate C. Carbonate • Oxide D. Sulfate • All the minerals in the sulfate and sulfide group contains what element? • Silicon C. Oxygen • Sulfur D. Carbon • Which of the following properties is generally the least useful in identifying minerals? • Hardness C. Cleavage • Streak D. Luster

7. The appearances or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral is called _____. • Streak C. Cleavage • Color D. Luster • The color of the powdered form of a mineral is called _____. • Cleavage C. Luster • Streak D. Fracture • Mohs scale is used to determine what property of minerals? • Cleavage C. Hardness • Density D. Luster

8. Review Day 4 • What determines the properties of a mineral? • Size and shape • Composition and age • Composition and structure • Structure and size • The three groups of rocks are classified by ______. • Color C. Chemical composition • Grain size D. How they formed • What type of rocks are formed by processes powered by the sun? • Metamorphic rocks C. Igneous rocks • Sedimentary rocks D. None

9. Which of the following is an example of an extrusive igneous rock? • Rhyolite C. Andesite • Granite D. Coal • A rock that forms from cooling lava is classified as an _________. • Intrusive Ign. C. Extrusive Ign. • Extrusive Meta. D. Intrusive Volcanic • Which of the following represents the correct order of the processes involved in sedimentary rock formation? • Erosion, weathering, compaction, cementation, deposition • Compaction, cementation, deposition, weathering, erosion • Deposition, cementation, compaction, erosion, weathering • Weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation

10. Review Day 5 • Fossils are only found in ____. • Intrusive Ign. C. Sedimentary • Foliated Met. D. Nonfoliated Met. • Renewable resources _____. • Can be replenished over time • Are all living resources • Have finite supplies that will one day be used up • Include iron, natural gas, and copper • Which of the following energy resource might replace dwindling petroleum supplies one day? • Coal and natural gas C. Oil shale and tar sands • Tar sands and uranium D. Wind and coal

11. Which of the following is a problem associated with the increased use of nuclear energy? • Cost of building safe nuclear facilities • Major hazards involved in waste disposal • Concern over the possibility of a serious nuclear accident • All of the above • It is estimated that, in the future, wind energy could produce what % of the nations demand for electricity? • 80-85% C. 70-75% • 5-10% D. 25-30% • Wind power generates _____. • Noise pollution C. Water pollution • Air pollution D. Soil pollution

12. Review Day 6 • What amount of Earth’s total water supply is usable fresh water? • 25% C. 50% • Less than 1% D. 75% • The Clean Water Act ____. • Requires pollution control devices on cars and power plants • Established National Ambient Air Quality Standards • Set max. containment levels for pollutants in drinking water • Required industries to reduce/eliminate point source pollution • Which of the following weathering processes involves the constant freezing and thawing of water? • Unloading C. exfoliation • Frost wedging D. spheroidal weathering

13. What type of mechanical weathering is most common in mountainous regions in the middle latitudes? • Frost wedging C. Oxidation • Biological activity D. Unloading • Which of the following is NOT a major component of soil? • Mineral matter C. Humus • Air D. Earthworms • A soil’s texture is determined by _____. • Mineral composition C. Water content • Type of Humus D. Particle size

14. Review Day 7 • The main source of organic matter in soil is _____. • Water C. Fungi • Plants D. Bacteria • Which of the following human activities has caused an increase in soil erosion? • Clear-cut logging C. Plowing land for farming • Clearing land for construction D. all the above • What is the force behind mass movements? • The Sun’s energy C. Gravity • Flowing water D. Moving ice

15. Icebergs are produced when large pieces of ice break off from the front of a glacier during a process called ______. • Wastage C. Accumulation • Plucking D. Calving • One characteristic of glacial movement is that ____. • All glaciers, regardless of size, move at about the same rate • New snowfall accumulates at the bottom of the glacier • The zone of wasting is at the top of the glacier • The movement depends on the balance between accumulation and wastage • What is the zone above the snowline on a glacier called? Zone of ______ • Accumulation C. Wasting • Melting D. Crevasses

16. Review Day 8 • Which of the following statements is NOT true about weathering in deserts? • Most weathering in deserts is physical weathering • There are this soils in deserts • The red color of soil and rocks in deserts is caused by chemical weathering • There is no chemical weathering in deserts • Deflation affected the Dust Bowl in the 1930’s by ____. • Lowering the land C. Building up sand dunes • Creating rock pinnacles D. Depositing sand/gravel • How does wind transport sand grains? • Mainly as part of the suspended load • By saltation as part of the bed load • Wind transports sand grains only during dust storms • Equal quantities are transported suspended in the air as bed load

17. Windblown silt that blankets a landscape is called ____. • Blowout C. Desert pavement • Sand dune D. Loess • An earthquake’s magnitude is a measure of the ____. • Size of seismic waves it produces • Amount of shaking it produces • Number of surface waves it produces • Damage it causes • The amount of shaking produced by an earthquake at a given location is called the ____. • Intensity C. Epicenter • Magnitude D. Richter magnitude

18. Review Day 9 • What layers of Earth make up the lithosphere? • Crust/lower mantle C. Continental/ocean crust • Crust/upper manlte D. upper/lower mantle • Earth’s thin, rocky outer layer is its ____. • Core C. Outer Core • Mantle D. Crust • The Moho is ____. • The boundary between the outer/inner core • Boundary between the crust and mantle • The material of which the mantle is composed • An area of the mantle that will not transmit seismic waves

19. Most of the information about Earths interior was obtained by studying ____. • Earthquake waves • Rocks of the ocean crust • Meteorites • Rocks in deep welts • Earth’s inner core is solid because of ____. • Its composition C. Temperatures • Diameter D. Pressure • The greatest concentration of metals occurs in Earth’s _____. • Oceanic crust C. Core • Continental crust D. Mantle

20. Review Day 10 • An example of a geologic event that could be recorded in rocks is ___. • Civil war C. Volcanic eruption • Sun spots D. Lunar Eclipse • The geological processes that shape Earth’s features today ____. • Basically the same C. did not operate in the past • Much different D. became important recently • Fossils are the ___. • Oldest layers of rock in a region • Remains or traces of prehistoric life • Living creatures with habitats in rock • Objects that people of long ago left behind

21. Organisms with hard parts stand a good chance of being fossilized if they are ___. • Rapidly decomposed by bacteria • Slowly buried by sediments • Rapidly eaten by scavengers • Rapidly buried by sediments • The task of using fossils to match up rocks of similar ages in different areas is called ____. • Succession C. Geology • Correlation D. Fossilization • When did abundant fossil evidence appear in the geologic record? • 2.7 billion years ago C. 540 million years ago • 1 billion years ago D. 100 billion years ago

22. Review Day 11 • How old is Earth? ______ years old • 2 billion C. 16 million • 4.6 million D. 4.56 billion • Which span of geologic time spans cover about 88% of Earth’s history? • Cenozoic C. Paleozoic • Mesozoic D. Precambrian • Some continents contain large core areas of Precambrian rocks called ____. • Plates C. Plateaus • Rifts D. Shields

23. Which of the following gases was NOT part of Earth’s original atmosphere? • Water vapor C. Nitrogen • Oxygen D. Carbon dioxide • Which era immediately follows the Precambrian? • Paleozoic C. Cenozoic • Mesozoic D. Tertiary • When did abundant fossil evidence 1st appear in the geologic record? _____ years ago • 5 billion C. 300 million • 540 million D. 3 billion

24. Review Day 12 • What important event in animal evolution marks the beginning of the Cambrian? • Appearance of hard parts C. ability to swim • Ability to fly D. Appearance of fossils • What event may have triggered the great Paleozoic extinction? • Climatic change C. changes in Earth’s orbit • Meteorite strike D. Heightened solar activity • The current geologic period is called the _____. • Mesozoic C. Quaternary • Tertiary D. Silurian

25. What caused many events of mountain building, volcanism, and earthquakes in western N. America? • Plate interactions C. Glaciers • Extinctions D. Meteor collisions • Mammals became dominant only after ____. • Continental glaciers retreated • Dinosaurs became extinct • Inland seas dried up • The Cenozoic Era ended • Approximately how much of the Earth’s surface is covered by land? • 30 % C. 60 % • 50 % D. 70 %

26. Review Day 13 • Approximately when did the ocean become an important area of study? • 200 years ago C. 1000 years ago • 500 years ago D. 2000 years ago • Which of the following is NOT considered one of the 4 major oceans? • Atlantic C. Indian • Pacific D. Antarctic • What technology do scientists use to measure ocean depth? • Sonar C. Rope • Laser D. Submersible

27. Final Exam Cards • Final Exam Study Cards are due on Friday January 15, 2009 along with all the questions you copied. • No copied questions – No study card for test!!!!!!! • The Final Exam will be posted online on Wed. January 13 from 3pm-midnight. After then you will not be able to access it. This is in case you missed any days of class.