AP World History

1. The Impact of 19th Century Imperialism on the Middle East and Asia: Ottoman Empire, Russia, China, and Japan AP World History

2. Presentation Outline • Ottoman Empire • Russia • Qing Dynasty • Meiji Japan

3. 1) Ottoman Empire

4. Loss of intellectualism = loss of innovation = fall behind the Europeans in technology

5. The Ottomans signed capitulations with the European countries = loss of revenue

6. Capitulations • Foreign subjects now protected by their individual country’s laws • They were no longer legally accountable in the Ottoman Empire. • Possible for foreign governments to levy duties (taxes) on goods sold in Turkish ports • Foreign powers were also able to set up banks, post offices, and commercial houses on Turkish soil that were exempt from Turkish taxes and were able to compete with local firms.

7. Ottoman territorial losses

8. Tanzimat Period (1839-76) • Reforms around a new concept of justice • Equality before the law • Ottomanism = patriotism, but not yet nationalism • Constitution and a Parliament formed • The reforms failed; Sultan Abdulahemid put an end to the reforms while putting down rebellions

9. Departure of Mehmed VI, last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 1922.

10. Young Turks • Constitutional, parliamentary government established • Growing sense of nationalism • Ottomans entered WWI on the side of Germany = lost

11. Treaty of Versailles • Empire partitioned • Kemal Ataturk (and others) fought for Independence = new Republic of Turkey and an end to the Ottoman Empire (1923).

12. 2) Russia

13. Features of Russia in mid 1800s • Autocracy- absolute obedience to the tsar • Orthodoxy- submission to the orthodox church • Serfdom- most of Russia’s peasants were forced into slave labor • Imperialism- expansion into central Asia and across the Pacific; rivalry with Britain and the Ottomans

14. Decembrist Revolt 1825 • In 1825, a group of liberal-minded military officers staged a rebellion against Czar Nicholas I • The revolt was brutally crushed and the czar instituted even harsher and more restrictive conservative measures by introducing censorship, and forcing military cadets to swear absolute loyalty to the czar Rebel officers awaiting their death sentence

15. The Crimean war 1853-56 • The Crimean war part of the “Eastern question”. • “The Eastern question” was the question: How are the European powers going to respond to the crumbling of the Turkish empire in Europe? • Russia wanted to gain free access to the Mediterranean from the Black Sea. • This included influence in the states along the Black Sea Coast west of Russia.

16. Crimean war

17. The war started 1854 • In 1853 Russia moved army to Moldavia and Wallachia. • Turkey attacked Russia but lost its fleet at Sinope and to avoid the danger of russian domination: • France and Britain attacked Sebastopol in the Crimea. Piedmont took also part. • Austria stayed neutral but threatened Russia • Russia gave up in 1856. Russian influence in the Balkan and the straits was reduced.

18. Effect of Crimean war • Internationally • Austria isolated from Russia and the West • Russia prevented from gaining influence in the Balkans • Opening up for Italian unification • France becomes dominant power • Prussia gains prestige among German states • Russia becomes isolated and the unification of Germany becomes more likely. • In Russia • Emancipation of the Serfs in 1861 • Judicial reform • Military and educational reform • Creation of an elected assembly

19. “The Great Game” • The British and Russians would continue to compete for influence in central Asia throughout the 19th century • British interests in India were very close to Russian interests in central Asia • The two Great Powers competed for territory in neighbouring Afghanistan • Espionage and alliances were the rules of this Great Game rather than armed conflict Emir of Afghanistan between the Russian Bear and British Lion

20. 1905 Revolution • Unrest among the middle class, nobles, and peasants leads to massive protests across Russia • Nobles and middle class want a liberal constitution and a constitutional monarchy • Peasants want land reforms • Czar Nicholas II crushes the Revolution but promises a new constitution to satisfy nobles and the middle class • The czar’s reforms were limited and he still ruled as an autocrat

21. Bloody SundayJanuary 22, 1905 The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg

22. Why did the 1905 Revolution Fail?

23. 3) Qing Dynasty (China) 1850-1911

24. China in the 1840s • China failed to advance technologically • Peasants were upset with the decline in living standard • Little of the gold and silver which flowed into China went to improve infrastructure (roads, railways, etc.)

25. Taiping Rebellion - 1840s • Chinese “brother of Jesus” recruits one million rebels and nearly takes out government before dying • mixed elements of Christianity and traditional Chinese religion, along with ideas of his own. • He believed in communal property, and the equality of men and women • 20-30 million dead

27. Taiping and Communism • Although pre-Communism the Taiping Republlion foreshadowed it in several ways • Land was evenly distributed. • Outlawed all of the following: • Slavery, Sale of women, foot-binding, prostitution, arranged marriages and polygamy. • The Taipings were also against use of opium, alcohol, and tobacco. • Over time, Taiping leaders began to violate most of these rules (especially alcohol and women) and their movement began to lose its loyal followers • Qing govt with help from western powers ended the Taiping movement to take over China

28. European Imperialism • Great Britain traded silk and tea for opium from India • devastating since China addicted to opium • land that had previously been used for food began to be used to produce opium. • large amount of Chinese silver left the country in payment for the opium. • When the Qing government bans the opium trade in 1839, the British invade

30. Opium Wars • 1773 Britain brought Indian opium to China • 1838 – Manchu Chinese ban it and size opium from British • 1839-1860 Opium Wars humiliate China • Britain claims Hong Kong • Treaty of Nanjing (1st of unequal treaties) • 1844 – Chinese forced to allow Christian missionaries in again • Britain wins HUGE trading rights

31. The Treaty System • large amount of indemnity (compensation to foreigners) • dozens of treaty ports opened to foreign trade • gunboats • Missionaries • Warehouses • Foreign influence in port cities • territorial losses • tariffs

32. is cooll

34. Self-strengthening Movement 1860s • After defeats in the Opium Wars the Qing government finally decides to modernize the army and introduce Western military technology • Social and economic reforms, however, do not follow and the Qing dynasty continues to decay

35. In 1900 – Spheres of Influence • China was controlled by Europeans economically • Lots of trade between Europe and China • Balance of trade favored Europe • China lost silver as they paid out to Europe • Created discord and frustration in Manchu Qing govt

36. The scramble for answers • radicalization of domestic politics • the “Hundred Days of Reform” in 1898 • ambitious reform program • examination system • bureaucracy • modernization • suppressed by conservatives in Qing court • reformist leaders fled to Japan

37. The Boxer Uprising in 1900 • Peasants in cities of Northern China • Name actually translates to “Society of Harmonious Fists” • support from high officials of Qing court • destruction of anything foreign • siege of the foreign quarter in Beijing

38. 8-nation forces invaded Beijing • Harsh settlement • station troops in Beijing • huge payments to • European powers demanded to pay for the European cost of stopping the Boxers • Russian troops in Manchuria • until 1905

39. 1911 Fall of the Qing • Sun Yat-sen and other Chinese nationalist leaders led a series of revolts throughout China demanding an end to Qing rule • The last emperor, Pu Yi, abdicated in early 1912 • A Chinese republic was established • China would not be fully unified until the late 1920s under the Nationalist Party military leadership of Chiang Kai Shek Left: Chiang Kai Shek Right: Sun Yat-sen Left: Pu Yi- The Last Emperor

41. 4) Meiji Japan

42. End of Japanese Isolation • U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry (1794-1858) • 1853 – gunboat diplomacy • 1854 – trade treaty with the United States • Great Britain, Holland (Netherlands), and Russia soon gained similar trading rights • Townsend Harris (1804-1878) • United States Consul General to Japan • 1858 – commercial treaty between U.S. and Japan • European powers soon gained similar rights in Japan

43. Meiji Restoration 1868 • Shogun forced to relinquish power • Power officially in hands of Emperor Mutsuhito • His reign was called the “Meiji” • Japan westernized • Quickly went to work crafting a constitution

44. Governmental Reforms • Diet – Japan’s bicameral legislature • First convened – 1889 • Only men who owned property could vote • Meiji (Imperial) Constitution • Adopted – 1890 • Followed until the end of World War II

45. Economic Reforms • Abolition of feudalism • Currency (yen) adopted, 1872 • Encouragement of foreign trade • Expansion and encouragement of state-directed industrialization • Growth of factories • First large factories manufactured textiles • First textile factory workers were girls and women • Land reform • Zaibatsu (large conglomerates) built and expanded (Toyota, Mitsubishi, etc.)

46. Military Reforms Before the Meiji era: Armies were run by local daimyo and thus not subservient to a central government Meiji era: Modern army and navy established which were loyal to the Japanese government Used Prussia (Germany) as primary model Firm belief that if Japan was to be taken seriously by Western powers, and was to avoid China’s fate, Japan would have to compete militarily Conscription (1873) – all men had to serve for three years after turning twenty-one

47. Social Changes Adoption of Western architecture, fashions, music, and literary styles (magazines and novels) Diversity of intellectual and political thought Growing independence and empowerment of women Movement of peasants from countryside to factories

48. Imperialization of Japan • Why? • Lack of fertile land for agriculture • Markets for finished products • Need for the raw materials of industry • Population growth • Response to Western imperialism

49. Meiji Japan at War • First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) Gained: • Formosa (Taiwan) • Liaotung Peninsula (Manchuria) – soon forced to relinquish it • Sphere of influence in Korea • Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) • Destruction of Russian fleet • Finally respected as a world power • Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905 • U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt won Noble Peace Prize • Japan was granted the southern part of Sakhalin Island and a large sphere of influence in Manchuria • Annexation of Korea (1910) • World War I • Joined Allies • Received Germany’s mandates over Asian islands and its leases in the Shantung Peninsula