1 / 42

KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the basis of life.

KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the basis of life. Carbon atoms are considered the building blocks of life because they : 1. Are the basis of most molecules in living things (Structure) 2. Carry out most processes that keep organisms alive (Function).

susanmoses
Télécharger la présentation

KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the basis of life.

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. KEY CONCEPTCarbon-based molecules are the basis of life.

  2. Carbon atoms are considered the building blocks of life because they : 1. Are the basis of most molecules in living things (Structure) 2. Carry out most processes that keep organisms alive (Function) .

  3. Molecules that contain carbon are called Organic compounds. There are over 2 million known organic compounds

  4. Why is Carbon so special? • Carbon has four valence electrons. • It can forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms .

  5. Carbon Molecules

  6. Structural formula • Molecular Formula

  7. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures • straight chain • branched chain • ring

  8. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. • Smaller individual molecule are called Monomers • Larger molecules made when monomers bond are called Polymers.

  9. Dehydration Synthesis – is the reaction that causes monomers to jin together to make polymers. • Animation Dehydration synthesis means – making by removing water

  10. Dehydration Synthesis

  11. Hydrolysis – Break apart a polymer to the smaller monomers that joined to form it by adding water

  12. Molecules that contain CARBON atoms are called organic compounds. Four major groups of organic compounds in living things: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids Where do we get these?

  13. Carbohydrates molecules are made of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) atoms

  14. Uses in Living Things • 1. “Quick” Energy • 2. Builds body structures

  15. glucose 1. Monosaccharide: one small single molecule 1. Glucose – made in photosynthesis;blood sugar 2. Galactose – Component of milk sugar 3. Fructose - fruit sugar 4. Deoxyribose and Ribose – in nucleic acids

  16. fructose glucose 2. Disaccharide – 2 monosaccharides joined together 1. Sucrose – table sugar (glucose + fructose) 2. Lactose – milk sugar (glucose + galactose)

  17. glucose glucose glucose glucose cellulose glucose glucose glucose glucose 3.Polysaccharides - many monosaccharides joined together 1. Starch – glucose storage in plants (bread, taters) 2. Glycogen – glucose storage in animals 3. Cellulose – forms plant cell walls 4. Chitin – forms insect exoskeletons and fungus cell walls

  18. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer Carbohydrate molecules may have the same monomers but they are joined together differently .

  19. Chitin (C8H13O5N) n • Monomer

  20. LIPIDS • Types of Atoms: C, H, O • Uses of Lipids in Living Things: • Source of usable energy • Provide warmth and insulation 3. Component of cell membranes 4. Makes hormones

  21. Lipids share only a few Common Features • 1. Nonpolar molecule • 2. Hydrophobic – Don’t dissolve in water • 3. No specific monomer found in all lipids. MANY DO contain fatty acid molecules

  22. Categories of Fatty Acids

  23. Dangers of Saturated Fats

  24. If the Fatty Acid molecules have : • Single bonds between C atoms – Saturated Fats • Double bonds between C atoms – • Unsaturated Fats • . • .

  25. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. • saturated fatty acids • unsaturated fatty acidsbad

  26. Lipids have several different functions. • broken down as a source of energy • make up cell membranes • used to make hormones

  27. Phospholipid • Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. • Polar phosphate “head” • Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”

  28. Proteins • Types of Atoms: C, H, O, Phosphorus, Sulfur • Enzymes

  29. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. • Amino acids are linked together through dehydration synthesis to form peptide bonds Amine group Carboxyl group

  30. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds which form between an amino group and carboxyl group. • .

  31. hydrogen bond Hemoglobin • Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. • Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. • Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.

  32. 1. Albumin – protein in egg white • 2. Amylase – breaks apart starch to glucose through hydrolysis. Enzyme found in your saliva • 3. Keratin – protein in hair, feathers and nails • 4. Hemoglobin – in red blood cells, oxygen attaches to it

  33. Nucleic Acids • Types of Atoms: C, H, O, N, P, • 1. DNA • 2. Ribonucleic Acid – RNA • 1. Stores hereditary information (DNA) • 2. Helps to make protein molecules (RNA)

  34. nitrogen-containing molecule,called a base A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

  35. DNA • Nitrogen containing base • Adenine A - Thymine T • Guanine G – Cytosine C • RNA • Nitrogen containing bases • Adenine A – Uracil U • Guanine G - Cytosine C

  36. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • 1000’s of nucleotides join together to make a nucleic acid.

  37. DNA RNA • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides • . • DNA stores genetic information. • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. • RNA builds proteins.

  38. Bell Ringer • What special atom do all organic compounds contain? • What makes this atom special • What are the 4 major organic compound types in living things • What are bigger molecules called? What are the smaller molecules that join together to make big molecules called? • What atoms must be removed from monomers to make polymers? What is this process called?

  39. What special atom do all organic compounds contain?CARBON • What makes this atom special • Has 4 valence electrons and forms 4 strong covalent bonds • What are the 4 major organic compound types in living things • Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates • What are bigger molecules called? What are the smaller molecules that join together to make big molecules called? Polymers –biggies Monomers – little-ies • What atoms must be removed from monomers to make polymers? What is this process called? • 2 Hydrogens 1 Oxygen Dehydration Synthesis

  40. BellRinger Activity • Using either your memory, your notes or your homework to answer the following questions • What is the difference between a monosaccharide, a disaccharide and a polysaccharide? • What is the molecular formula for glucose? • When two glucose molecules join they form maltose. The process of joining these two molecules is known as ______________ _______________. * What is the molecular formula for maltose?

  41. Bell Ringer • What are the major categories of lipids? • What molecule is found in many types of lipids? • What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat? Which is better in your diet? • Give two important uses of lipids

More Related