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Inca Empire

Inca Empire. cca 1475 - 1532 extended from present Columbia to N Chile Cuzco organizational and spiritual center. Environmental conditions Altitude: mean- 5,200m Temperatures: -25C Winds: > 100km/h Dry conditions. Glacier mummies: climate records?. 500-year old mummy

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Inca Empire

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  1. Inca Empire • cca 1475 - 1532 • extended from present • Columbia to N Chile • Cuzco organizational and • spiritual center

  2. Environmental conditions Altitude: mean- 5,200m Temperatures: -25C Winds: > 100km/h Dry conditions

  3. Glacier mummies: climate records? 500-year old mummy found in Peruvian Andes Otzi- 5,000 year old mummy found in Tyrolean Alps, Italy Glacier retreat revealed mummy

  4. Ice core climate evidence INCA Quelcaya Ice Cap, Peru Source:Thompson 1994

  5. Study Area: Cordillera Ampato, southern Peru. Nevado Coropuna (stratovolcano complex covered by an ice cap and consisting of three peaks, with the highest one at 6,426m).

  6. Why Coropuna? Archeological evidence from Spanish chronicles • Highly worshipped mountain; • Water source for nearby villages; • Coropuna is believed to contain Inca ruins and human sacrifices offered to the mountain deity. Source: Guaman Poma de Aylla [1613]

  7. Criteria for archeological site prediction • Slope: 0-5 deg (flat surfaces) • Elevation: between 5000-6000m • Accessibility: Inca roads/routes • proximity to least-cost pathways • Aspect (Orientation): East (NE or SE) direction • Visibility: Pacific Ocean/other peaks visible

  8. The effect of topography (slope) on movement across mountain terrain • Cost (Energy or Time) increases as terrain gets steeper • Actual energy can be calculated by including physiological measurements, weight of individual and load carried.

  9. Site location potential: probability of site location as a function of distance to least-cost pathways

  10. The fun part: Adventures from fieldwork 2003 • French Ice-core expedition: June 2003 • archeological expeditions : August 2003

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