Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Infections

1. Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Infections Objective 1.02

2. MYTHS OF STD/STIsTrue or False 1. Most people with an STD experience painful symptoms. 2. Birth control pills prevent the spread of STDs. 3. With 21st Century medicine and antibiotics, there is no need to worry about STDs/STIs. 4. Abstinence is the best way to prevent STDs. 5. If you get an STD once, and are treated, you can’t get it again. 6. A person does not need to see a doctor if she/he notices sores on his/her genitals once, but then they go away. 7. Condoms help prevent the spread of STDs. 8. You can get STDs/STIs from a toilet seat. False False False True False False True False

3. STDs • STDs are diseases and infections which are capable of being spread from person to person through: • sexual intercourse • oral-genital contact or in non-sexual ways. • IV drugs

5. Symptoms of STDs How would I know if I have been infected? What are the symptoms? • Sores (either painful or painless) • Blood in urine • Burning sensation when urinating • Rashes • Itching • Bumps • Warts • Unusual discharge

6. Chlamydia • Four million new cases occur each year • SYMPTOMS: fever, weight loss for no reason, swollen glands, fatigue, diarrhea, white spots on the mouth. FEMALE SYMPTOMS: • Vaginal discharge (white or grey) or burning with urination • Lower abdominal pain • Bleeding between menstrual periods. • Low-grade fever (later symptom)

7. Chlamydia MALE SYMPTOMS: • Discharge from the penis and/or burning when urinating • Burning and itching around the opening of the penis • Pain and swelling in the testicles • Low –grade fever (associated with epididymitis –inflammation of the testicles)

9. Gonorrhea • Each year approximately 650,000 people in the United States are infected with gonorrhea • People get gonorrhea from close sexual contact • Gonorrhea can also be spread from mother to child during birth. • Gonorrhea infection can spread to other unlikely parts of the body • http://www.schs.state.nc.us/data/hsa/gonorrhea.htm

10. Symptoms of Gonorrhea • Appear 5-7 days or can take up to 30 days to appear • Sore or red throat if you have gonorrhea in the throat from oral sex • Rectal pain • Blood and pus in bowel movements if you have gonorrhea in the rectum from anal sex

11. Gonorrhea • MALE SYMPTOMS: Yellow or white drip/discharge from penis Burning or pain when urinating Frequent urinating Swollen testicles

12. Gonorrhea • FEMALE SYMPTOMS: Symptoms may show up 2-21 days after having sex May notice a yellow or white discharge from the vagina May be a burning or pain when urinating Bleeding between periods Heavier and more painful periods Cramps or pain in the lower abdomen, sometimes with nausea or fever

13. Syphilis • The long range effects can be very serious, including death. • In the United States, an estimated 70,000 new cases of syphilis in adults • passed from person to person through direct contact with a syphilis sore • Sores mainly occur on the external genitalia, vagina, anus, or rectum. Sores can also occur on the lips and in the mouth. • Transmission of the organism occurs during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. • http://www.schs.state.nc.us/data/hsa/syphilis.htm

15. Stage 1 Symptoms of Syphilis • Symptoms usually appear 10-90 days after contact. • An infected person gets a sore (chancre), which may be painful at the point of contact (mouth, anus, rectum, throat or the sex organ). • The chancre is usually firm, round, small, and painless. It appears at the spot where the bacterium entered the body. • The chancre lasts 1-5 weeks and heals on its own. • This will disappear on its own, but may last 4-6 weeks. • In the female, the chancre is often internal and cannot be seen.

16. Secondary Stage of Syphilis • Lasts 3-6 weeks • After the chancre comes a copper-colored skin rash which may appear on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or in more severe cases covers the entire body • The rash may be accompanied by fever, headaches, indigestion, loss of appetite, or loss of hair in spots over the scalp

17. Third Stage – Latent Period of Syphilis • All symptoms disappear so that the victim thinks he/she is cured. • If treatment is not received, the bacterium remains in the body and begins to damage the internal organs including the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones, and joints.

18. Fourth Stage – Tertiary of Syphilis • The results of the internal damage from the 3rd stage show up many years later. • Ten, twenty, even thirty years after the initial infection - sudden heart attack, failure of vision, loss of motor coordination or mental disturbances.

19. Herpes • Symptoms usually show 2-20 days after contact. • May be extremely painful or very mild. • “Outbreaks” of blisters and ulcers. • Once infected with HSV, people remain infected for life. • Stress, bruising, chaffing, or a woman’s menstrual cycle may cause an onset of the disease. FEMALE SYMPTOMS: Blisters in or around the vagina, fever and headaches. MALE SYMPTOMS: Small sore or cluster of blisters on the penis.

21. Genital Warts • Growths that appear on the genitals They are caused by viruses and spread through sexual contact. • The virus that causes genital warts is spread by intercourse and by oral sex. • Warts may appear within several weeks after sex with a person who has HPV; or they may take months or years to appear; or they may never appear. • A person can be infected and pass on the virus without knowing it. • Approximately 5.5 million new cases of sexually transmitted HPV (one third of all new STDs) occur in the U.S. each year, with at least 20 million people currently infected. • Three out of four Americans between the ages of 15 and 49 have been infected with genital HPV in their lifetimes.

22. Symptoms of Genital Warts • Usually the warts look like tiny cauliflowers, but sometimes they are flat. • The warts may cause itching, burning and some pain, but often don’t cause any pain at all. • Warts may be inside the vagina or on the cervix, or in the rectum or throat, so you might not notice them. • They might also be so small that you cannot see them.

23. Pubic Lice = Crabs • Pubic lice are called “crabs” because they look like crabs. • Crabs are frequently the color and size of small freckles. These very small lice (crabs) usually attack the sexual (pubic) areas of the body. • Found under arms, eyelashes, mustaches. • Spread through direct physical contact. Close body contact with an infected person. • SYMPTOMS: A terrible, persisting itch in the genital area

24. Trichomoniasis • An estimated 5 million new cases occur each year in women and men. • Occurs in vagina of women so may be sexually transmitted to men using infected washcloths and towels. • It is transmitted to the baby during delivery. • It also can occur in the urethra (carries urine to penis) in men, doesn’t have symptoms usually. • Appear within 5 to 28 days of exposure

25. Trichomoniasis Symptoms FEMALE SYMPTOMS: • Women usually have a vaginal discharge • Itching and burning at the outside of the opening of the vagina and vulva. • Painful and frequent urination MALE SYMPTOMS: • Usually nothing • May have discomfort in urethra

26. Candidiasis – Yeast Fungus • Yeast fungus that may or may not be transmitted by sexual intercourse. • Caused by high doses of antibiotics. It is usually caused by altering the Ph of the vagina. • SYMPTOMS: A vaginal discharge Severe itching

27. HIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus There are two main ways you get HIV/AIDS – acquired immunodeficiency syndome: • Having vaginal, oral, etc. sex • Sharing drug needles and syringes

28. HIV/AIDS Symptoms • Can take as long as ten years to notice any symptoms • Immune system breaks down

30. Prevention • Abstinence • 3 million teens contract an STD each year – some of which have no cure, are a leading cause of cervical cancer or can even lead to infertility.

31. Brain Break • 5 minute break to stretch, move around, and chat

32. Family Planning Methods and options for infertile couples Objective 1.03

33. Effectiveness rates

34. Barrier • Male condom • Worn on the penis to prevent STD’s and prevent sperm from reaching ovum • Female condom • Placed inside the vagina to provide a barrier between ovum and sperm • Spermicide • A birth control method that contains chemicals that stop sperm from moving toward the ovum

35. Barrier • Diaphragm/Cervical cap • Dome-shaped rubber cup with flexible rim inserted into vagina to cover the cervix • Copper IUD • Your doctor places it inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It can stay in your uterus for up to 10 years.

36. Hormonal • Birth control pill • A hormonal pill taken orally to prevent monthly release of ovum (ovulation) • Hormonal injections • Injections taken every three months to prevent ovulation • Implant • Hormonal cylinder (6 capsules) implanted underneath the skin of the arm that release hormones into the blood stream to prevent ovulation

37. Hormonal cont. • Hormonal patch • A patch placed directly on the skin; hormones are released from the patch directly through the skin to the bloodstream to prevent ovulation • Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUD) • Like the Copper T IUD. It is placed inside the uterus by a doctor. It releases a small amount of hormones each day to keep you from getting pregnant. The LNG IUD stays in your uterus for up to 5 years

38. Natural • Rhythm • A method of birth control based on the calendar and cycle of ovulation • Basal body temperature • A birth control based on body temperature and time for ovulation

39. Permanent • Tubal ligation • A surgical intervention that mechanically blocks the Fallopian tube to prevent the sperm and egg from uniting; a permanent procedure for women • Vasectomy • A surgical procedure that prevents pregnancy by blocking the passage of sperm in the ejaculated seminal fluid; is a permanent procedure for men

40. Ineffective methods • Douching • Withdrawal • Also known as “Pulling out”

41. Abstinence The choice to postpone sexual activity The only method that is 100% effective to prevent pregnancy

42. Options for Infertile Couples Adoption IUI In vitro fertilization Ovum transfer Surrogacy

43. Adoption Legal transfer of child guardianship from birth parents to adoptive parents

44. IUI- Intrauterine insemination Intrauterine (in-truh-YOOT-uh-ruhn) insemination, also called artificial insemination –Sperm is injected into part of the woman's reproductive tract, such as into the uterus or fallopian tube. IUI often is used along with drugs that cause a woman to ovulate.

45. In vitro fertilization/ Ovum transfer Uses sperm to fertilize eggs harvested from the woman in a laboratory setting.  The success rate after IVF is between 28-35%.6 For IVF, sperm is collected from the partner or a donor prior to treatment while the female is typically started on medications after a close examination of her cycle. Once the eggs are retrieved, they are fertilized in a laboratory and then placed in the woman’s uterus.

46. Surrogacy With/without a woman’s eggs and with/without sperm from the intended father. You get to choose the surrogate, be part of the pregnancy, and in most cases, be present for the birth of your child.