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NTNU. Author: Professor Jon Kleppe. Assistant producers: Farrokh Shoaei Khayyam Farzullayev. Five spot model, water injection simulation. The water can apparently travel through a coarse grid model more quickly than a fine grid model.

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  1. NTNU Author: Professor Jon Kleppe Assistant producers: Farrokh Shoaei Khayyam Farzullayev

  2. Five spot model, water injection simulation • The water can apparently travel through a coarse grid model more quickly than a fine grid model. • The water front becomes smeared causing a prematurely water break through in the coarse grid model. • This effect is called numerical dispersion. • In practice there are other factors contributing to numerical dispersion such as the averaging of relative permeabilities and of saturations. Characteristics of this model: • A simple quarter five-spot model of oil displacement by water injection. • The oil producer well at the corner was controlled by constant bottom hole pressure (BHP) and the water injector well at the centre was controlled by constant injection rate. • Case 1 : geometry of 5 x 5 x 1 • Case 2 : geometry of 50 x 50 x 1

  3. Case 1 Animation of Oil Saturation 5 x 5 x 1

  4. Animation of Iso-Surface Oil Saturation • The movement of water front through the model can be seen better in this view.

  5. Case 2 • The model structured with large number of gridblocks would be an obvious way to overcome the inaccuracy of numerical dispersion. Animation of Oil Saturation 50 x 50 x 1

  6. In the case with a large number of grids we achieve better sweep efficiency and sharper developed front. Animation of Iso-Surface Oil Saturation

  7. Effect of permeability distribution • As a result of gravity forces, the heavier fluid flows downwards. Since the density of water is normally greater than oil’s, it will always tend to flow to the layers below. • As a general rule of fluid flow in porous media, fluids always flow to the higher permeability layers. Characteristics of this model: • Two-phase cross-sectional linear simulation model • Geometry: 50 x 1 x 10 • Water injection well is located on the left side of the model • Producer is on the right hand side of the model. • Case 1 : Permeability increases downwards • Case 2 : Permeability increases upwards

  8. Case 1 • The injected water tends to flow towards the bottom layers as a result of gravity and increase of permeability downwards, this leads to early water break through. Animation of Oil Saturation Permeability increases downwards

  9. Water mass flow • As the water displaces oil from the bottom layer, it may leave some zones not displaced due to fast movement of water along the bottom towards the producer well.

  10. Case 2 • The injected water tends to be in the upper layers because of the high permeability. • On the other hand, gravity also plays its role by pushing the water downwards • The effect of both factors create balance in the sweep of the reservoir Animation of Oil Saturation Permeability decreases downwards

  11. Water mass flow • From this diagram it is possible to see the movement of water to the bottom by gravity from the top layers, while displacing oil.

  12. In this slide both examples discussed before are simulated at the same grid distribution and time interval in order to illustrate the difference in sweep efficiency. Oil saturation profile, highest permeability layer at bottom. Oil saturation profile, highest permeability layer at top. • Water sweeps the oil with greater efficiency in Case 2 than in case 1.

  13. References • Kleppe J.: Reservoir Simulation course • Snyder and Ramey:SPE 1645

  14. About this module • Title:SIMULATION EXAPLES OF WATER INJECTION • Author: • Name: Prof. Jon Kleppe • Address: NTNU S.P. Andersensvei 15A 7491 Trondheim • Website • Email • Size: 650 Kb • Software required:

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