World History: The Earth and its Peoples

1. World History:The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 6 India and Southeast Asia, 1500 B.C.E. - 1100 C.E.

2. Objectives • Explain the historical forces that led to the development of the complex social groupings in ancient India. • Identify why Indian civilization developed religious traditions with such distinctive conceptions and explain how these beliefs shaped nearly every aspect of South Asian culture. • Explain how the Mauryan and Gupta Empires succeeded in unifying much of India. • Explain how a number of Southeast Asian states became wealthy and powerful by exploiting their position on the trade routes between China and India.

3. Foundations of Indian Civilization Diversity • political and class divisions • language and ethnic groups • multiple gods Geography • mtns, basins, plateaus • monsoon (seasonal wind) • three harvests annually • trade winds

4. The Vedic Age, 1500-500 B.C.E. Vedas • sacred religious literature • Indo-European speakers • Aryans • light-skinned • Dasas • dark-skinned Dravidians • varna - “color” • social order between groups • connected to reincarnation • you are where you are supposed to be • atman • jati • birth groups; occupation

5. The Vedic Age • karma • good and bad deeds • sacrifice • invigorate gods; promote stability Brahmins • technology of sacrifice Rig Veda • poetic hymns to deities and sacred practices Women • learning opportunities • own property

6. Jainism and Buddhism Moksha - “liberation” • release from cycle of reincarnation Upanishads • teacher / student dialogues • question Vedic foundations Jainism • Mahavira • nonviolence, asceticism, nudity

7. Jainism and Buddhism Buddha • Siddhartha Gautama • Four Noble Truths • life is suffering caused by desire • celibacy, nonviolence, poverty • nirvana • ultimate spiritual reward • Mahayana Buddhism • “Great Vehicle” • Theravada Buddhism • original teachings

8. The Rise of Hinduism Hinduism • religious diffusion • Vedic and Buddhist practices • female deities; fertility • Primary Deities • Vishnu, Shiva, Krishna • family devotion to one god • single divine force in universe • Divine Favor • sacred truths, discipline, devotion • Ganges • pilgrimage - broad Hindu identity • Absorption of Buddhism

9. Imperial Expansion and Collapse Political Fragmentation • geography; economic activity • social hierarchy; culture Mauryan Empire - 324-184 BCE • 1st centralized empire • Magadha kingdom • Chandragupta Maurya • Alexander’s death • Kautilya • Arthashastra • Pataliputra • walled, moated capital • Asoka • Kalinga conversion

10. Commerce and Culture Mauryan Collapse • small principalities • strong economic activity • rise of guilds • Literature • Mahabarata • war between cousins • Ramayana • love story w/ prince - princess • Bhagavad-Gita • duty to society and one’s soul • teacher / student dialogue • Krishna / Arjuna • Tamil kingdoms • ‘classical’ period in literature

11. The Gupta Empire Gupta Empire - 320-550 CE • Chandra Gupta (Hindu) • revenue source: 25% ag tax • powerful national army • theater-state • advertisement of benefits of association with the empire • Intellectual support • zero; ‘Arabic’ numerals • women • decline in status (urbanization) • loss of property rights • early marriage • sati - funeral pyre

12. The Gupta Empire Trade • from Rome to SE Asia • cotton, ivory, metalwork Attack • Huns from steppes • 550 CE • fragmentation until Islamic invasions (11th-12th cen) • Deccan Plateau independent

13. Southeast Asia Cultural Crossroads • trade between China and India Geography • geographically active • Pacific Ring of Fire • volcanic soil • tropical climate • monsoon rains • rain forests Agriculture • swidden • tropical growth • rice, bananas, cane, yams • chickens and pigs

14. Southeast Asia Malay Peoples • Chinese migration 3000 BCE • navigational skills 1000 BCE • monsoon winds, bird life • wind and clouds patterns • riverbanks / volcanic plains • numerous natural resources State Building - early C.E. • commerce • silk and spices • Hindu/Buddhist culture • Indian merchants and sailors

15. Southeast Asia Funan • 1st to 6th centuries C.E. • 1st major SE Asia center • Isthmus of Kra • key trade route China / India • shift in trade routes • silk worm monopoly Srivjayan Kingdom- 6th to 11th • southern tip of Malay Peninsula • regional alliances • vital shipping passageways • theater-state • Borobodur • Buddhist monument • king as bodhisattva • Indian cultural influence

16. Borobodur Buddhist Temple, Java

17. Borobodur Buddhist Temple, Java

18. Doc 7 Seneca is an upper-class Roman whose attitude reflects the Roman belief that although innovation comes from those with a sharp mind, this does not signify inventors being great people. Doc 8 Frontious reveals the belief that Romans are a superior people because Their innovations (aqueducts) have revolutionized city life and made Rome far more advanced than previous civilizations.

19. Based on the documents, What do you believe are Roman attitudes towards Technology? What do you believe are Han attitudes towards Technology?

20. Given the attitudes for each empire, what could be a relevant Argument that would be supported by your docs? Groupings 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 benefits of access to technology 1,2, 8 governments responsibility 5, 7 both comment on Roman disgust with those utilize technology 4, 6, 8 revel in the achievments of technology

21. Sample thesis: Although the Han and Roman civilizations experienced growth and success through technology, their respective attitudes Toward technology varied. (possible thesis) Whereas the Han Empire Seemed more concerned with how technology could aid their citizens the Romans seemed to frown upon those who utilized technology while reveling in the technological achievements of their civilization. Both civilizations show these attitudes towards technology through technological accessibility to citizens, the extent to which the government should use technology to improve subjects lives and whom in each society should receive praise for these advancements.