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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Stimulants. Stimulants are substances that cause the user to feel pleasant effects, such as an increase in energy, due to the ability of the drugs to release dopamine. Stimulants increase alertness, excitation, and euphoria, and are referred to as uppers. History of Cocaine.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Stimulants

  2. Stimulants are substances that cause the user to feel pleasant effects, such as an increase in energy, due to the ability of the drugs to release dopamine. • Stimulants increase alertness, excitation, and euphoria, and are referred to as uppers.

  3. History of Cocaine • Cocaine can be traced back to Coca. It has been used as a stimulant for thousands of years. • Natives of the Andes mountains chewed coca leafs which gave them energy to run and carry things long distances.

  4. History of Cocaine • Coca Wine • Angelo Mariani • Lozenges, tea, wine, Coca-Cola • Local Anesthesia • Hypodermic syringe • Dr. W.S. Halsted • Early Psychiatric uses • Sigmund Freud • Treatment for depression and morphine depression

  5. Early Legal Control • From 1887 to 1914, 46 states passed laws to regulate cocaine • Press and politicians associated cocaine with black urbanites of New York • Major influence on the passage of the Harrison Act

  6. Cocaine Administration • Orally • Chewing of the coca leaf • Inhaled into the nasal passages • “Snorting” • Injected intravenously • Hypodermic needle • Smoked • Freebasing • Crack

  7. Contemporary Legal Controls on Cocaine • End of the 1960s cocaine use began to increase again • Many raved about the benefits of cocaine • Until 1985 it was the drug of choice, due to the high cost, for those with extra income • Then an inexpensive ($5 to $10 a hit) form that could be smoked became available

  8. Contemporary Legal Controls on Cocaine • Again, the media and politicians going after blacks urbanites • The Anti-drug Abuse Act of 1986 was passed • The Anti-drug Abuse Act of 1988 added tougher penalties for first-time users • Concerns about racial profiling

  9. Figure 6.1 Cocaine

  10. Mechanism of Action • Chemical structure does not tell us how or why it works • Cocaine blocks reuptake of many neurotransmitters • Absorption and Elimination • Chewing or sucking provides a slow absorption and onset of effects • Snorting is absorbed rapidly and reaches the brain quickly • Intravenous use delivers a high concentration to the brain producing a rapid and brief effect • Crack is less invasive than intravenous use and the onset of effects is just as fast

  11. Cause for Concern • Acute Toxicity • Chronic Toxicity • Dependence Potential

  12. 3 Main Stages of Cocaine Withdrawal • The “crash,” the initial abstinence phase consisting of depression, agitation, suicidal thoughts, and fatigue • Withdrawal, including mood swings, craving, anhedonia, and obsession with drug seeking • Extinction, when normal pleasure returns, which cues trigger craving and mood swings

  13. Amphetamines • History • Ephedrine • Sympathomimetic drug • Patented in 1932 • Wartime use • Used by American soldiers in WWII to fight fatigue • Speed Scene • Amphetamines are often used with other combinations of drugs called ‘speedballs’ • Illegal methamphetamine • Most common and heavily-used amphetamine

  14. Amphetamines • Causes alertness • Can cause anxiety, severe apprehension or panic • Potent effects on dopamine in the reward center of the brain • Behavioral stereotyping

  15. How Stimulants are Taken • Amphetamines can be taken: • Orally • Intravenously • Speed freak • Smoking • Ice

  16. Approved Uses of Amphetamines Athletics Weight reduction Hyperkinetic behavior Narcolepsy “Smart Pills”

  17. Side Effects of Therapeutic Doses • Agitation, anxiety, panic • Irregular heartbeat, increased blood pressure, and heart attack or stroke • Intense and high-dose abuse can cause severe psychotic behavior, stereotyping, seizures, and severe cardiovascular side effects, as noted above

  18. Summary of the Effects of Amphetamines Body • Increase heartbeat • Increase blood pressure • Decreased appetite • Increased breathing rate • Inability to sleep • Sweating • Dry mouth • Muscle twitching • Convulsions • Fever • Cheat pain • Irregular heartbeat • Death due to overdose Mind Decrease fatigue Increased confidence Increased feeling of alertness Restlessness, talkativeness Increased irritability Fearfulness, apprehension Distrust of people Behavioral stereotyping Hallucination Psychosis

  19. Current Misuse • Decline in abuse in the late ‘80s and early ‘90s • In 1993, the declines were replaced by an alarming increase • Increase in use of methamphetamine led to the “National Methamphetamine Strategy” in 1996 • “Speed” • Due to the ease of production, meth-amphetamine is often made in makeshift labs in homes or garages

  20. Cause for Concern • Acute Toxicity • Chronic Toxicity • Dependence Potential

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