Isaac Newton Man, Myth, and Mathematics

1. Isaac NewtonMan, Myth, and Mathematics V. Frederick Rickey fred-rickey@usma.edu

2. 1702 portrait by Kneller • The original is in the National Portrait Gallery in London

3. Woolsthorpe Manor, Lincolnshire The South Front of the House with the apple tree to the right. It is a T-shaped early 17th. century limestone house, the birthplace of Sir Isaac Newton on Dec. 25th. 1642

4. Newton’s Public Life • 1642 Born, Woolsthorp • 1661 To Trinity College Cambridge • 1665 B.A. • 1668 M.A. • 1669 Lucasian Professor • 1672 Fellow of the Royal Society • 1687 Resists King James II • 1689 Serves in Parliament • 1696 Warden of the Mint • 1700 Master of the Mint • 1700-1722 Priority dispute over the calculus • 1703 President of the Royal Society • 1705 Knighted • 1727 Died, London

5. Trinity College, Cantabrigia illustrata by David Loggan, 1690

7. I tooke a bodkine & put it betwixt my eye & the bone as near the backside of my eye as I could

8. Newton’s alchemical shed. • Was Loggan the preincarnation of Escher?

11. Newton’s Mathematical Readings • Barrow Euclid (1655) • Oughtred Clavis (1652) • Descartes 2nd Latin (1659-60) • Schooten Exercitationum (1657) • Viete Opera (1646) • Wallis Arithmetica infinitorum (1655) • Wallis Tractatus duo (1659)

12. Took Descartes’s Geometry in hand, tho he had been told it would be very difficult, read some ten pages in it, then stopt, began again, went a little farther than the first time, stopt again, went back again to the beginning, read on til by degrees he made himself master of the whole, to that degree that he understood Descartes’s Geometry better than he had done Euclid.

13. Descartes’s Geometry, 1637, 1659

14. Descartes adopted Aristotle’s dictum The proportion between straight lines and curves is not known and I even believe that it can never be known by man.

15. van Heurat on Arc Length, 1661

16. van Heuraet’s rectification, 1659

18. Rectification Destroyed • Aristotle’s dictum and • Descartes’s program • But the story ends well.

19. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus • A Method whereby to square such crooked lines as may be squared.

20. For Newton • Mathematical quantities are described by Continuous Motion. • E.g., Curves are generated by moving points • In Modern Terms: All variables are functions of time

21. Newton said that quantities flow, and so called them fluents. • How fast they flow – or flex – he called fluxions. • Par abuse de langu, d/dt ( fluent ) = fluxion

25. The Newtonian Telescope

26. Edmund Halley  (1656-1742)

27. Centripital Force implies Kepler II

28. The Law of Universal Gravitation

31. Newton in 1689 • From a portrait by Kneller

32. The most important scientific book of all time

33. A Vulgar Mechanick can practice what he has been taught or seen done, but if he is in an error he knows not how to find it out and correct it, and if you put him out of his road, he is at a stand; Whereas he that is able to reason nimbly and judiciously about figure, force, and motion, is never at rest till he gets over every rub. Newton to Nathaniel Hawes, 25 May 1694.

34. The Sir Isaac Newton Room • Newton's lived on St. Martin's Street, Leicester Square, London, from 1710 to 1725. • The pine-paneled walls and carved mantel from the fore-parlour were purchased in 1937 for Babson College. The room is furnished with original artifacts and period reproductions.

35. The “Newton Apple” There really was an apple tree at Woolsthorpe Manor. A fourth generation descendent at Babson College is known as the "Newton Apple". The apple is red and "mealy" with yellow and green stripes.

36. Newton at the mint • This was supposed to be a sinacure. • But Newton took is seriously.

37. To the sharpest mathematicians now flourishing throughout the world To determine the curved line joining two given points, situated at different distances from the horizontal and not in the same vertical line, along which a mobile body, running down by its own weight and starting to move from the upper point, will descend most quickly to the lowest point.

40. I do not know what I may seem to the world, but, as to myself, I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me.

41. From a portrait by Sir James Thornhill in 1712 • The original is in Woolsthorpe Manor

42. Isaac Newton wasA GENIUS who worked hard • He built “On ye sholders of Giants” • He had brilliant insights • He worked “by thinking continually” • He had stubborn perseverence • He steadily expanded his inquiries • He made mistake – and learned from them

43. A statue in Trinity College, Cambridge

44. Newton Myths • A student of Isaac Barrow • Did his best work back on the farm • Invented calculus to do physics • Primarily a physicist • Principia “Invented by analysis” • Universal gravitation a flash of insight in 1666 • Delayed 20 years publishing the Principia • Alchemy and Theology were diversions • Prodigious computational facility • Old age mathematically barren • Invented edging on coins

45. Newton’s death mask • Formerly owned by Thomas Jefferson