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THE BRAZILIAN-GERMAN CO-OPERATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (S&T)

THE BRAZILIAN-GERMAN CO-OPERATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (S&T). Gerhard Jacob February 2011. HOW DID IT REALLY START?. Staden, Eschwege, Martius, Spix (  ) José Bonifácio (  ) USP (1934) Rheinboldt, Rawitscher .. (  ) During 1950’s () CNPq, CAPES, DAAD

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THE BRAZILIAN-GERMAN CO-OPERATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (S&T)

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  1. THE BRAZILIAN-GERMAN CO-OPERATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (S&T) Gerhard Jacob February 2011

  2. HOW DID IT REALLY START? • Staden, Eschwege, Martius, Spix () • José Bonifácio () • USP (1934) Rheinboldt, Rawitscher .. () • During 1950’s () CNPq, CAPES, DAAD • Person to Person (PZ), Uni. to Uni. (UZ) • Letters of Intent, Agreements, MoUs… • Gov. to Gov. Frame Agreements: Technical Aid (TZ, Assistance) 1963, Co-operation in S&T (WTZ) 1969 • PZ, TZ, FZ, WTZ, UZ

  3. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE - TZ(~1970-1990) • “Players”: MRE (ABC) BR, BMZ (GTZ*) DE • Start: “Aid” in kindergarten and nursery • Then: “Aid” in practical problems (cheap housing, floods, drinking water) • And then Universities, post-graduate programmes *GIZ as of January 1, 2011

  4. MORE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE • “No” evaluation (peer review), bureaucrats • Successes and failures: Forestry – UFPr/Freiburg, Mechanical Engineering – UFSC/Aachen, Nutrition – UFF (failure) as prime examples • Requirements for success (at least): Political will and minimal # of personnel on both sides, engagement of involved institutions.

  5. AND STILL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE • Other successful projects: -Veterinary Medicine (UFRGS/Hannover) -Pharmacy (UFRGS/Münster) -Geosciences (UFPa/Erlangen) • What was involved and figures (average ~2Mi DM/project.year, ~10 projects) at leastabout 20 Mi DM/year • And then: PRORENDA – “to solve poverty problems in Brazil” • Finally: KfW (FZ) rain forest, and that's it

  6. CO-OPERATION INSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY • Co-operation as opposed to aid • “Players”: MRE MCT/CNPq/CAPES…(BR) and BMFT BMBF/AA/IBs (DE) • How it started, coordinators “searching” for projects • General positive attitude, avoiding the cold letters of the agreement, examples (human resources – HR, areas, size of projects) • Initial difficulties: Informatics, enterprises (Agr.1996), priorities ( in both countries), lack of counterparts (~TZ), HR in technical areas, evaluation, solar energy, geology (later), senior scientists availability

  7. STILL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: CRITICISM • Physics labs • Solar Energy • Natural Resources, lesson learned • Biotechnology Centre, lesson learned • Basic and Applied Research, new Agreements (DFG, MPG…) • “Competences” (responsibility): Double financing, S&TxCulture (DAAD) • Real competence: Math, agro-sciences, ecology – Amazon, SHIFT, Atlantic forest

  8. AND (ALLAS!): SOME TECHNOLOGY • Special welding techniques: labs • Material sciences and metallurgy • High-tech (ANPEI) • Informatics • CETA • “2+2” projects…

  9. GEOSCIENCES • Why Geosciences in this audience • Origin and history – why Lat.A (and Africa) • Problems associated to field work, protection of info on natural resources • The Pioneering phase (“German projects”) • The University phase (~1930 onwards, but “German projects” still going on) • The Co-operation phase (advantages and shortcomings)

  10. “PROBLEMS” IN GEOSCIENCES(AT THOSE TIMES ~1950 – 80) • Field work and its solution • Local infrastructure • “German” projects and one plagiarism (DFG reaction) • Level: from Technical Assistance to Co-operation • Priorities, unilateral changes and consequences • Sample export, “biodiversity piracy” • Environmental problems

  11. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS • Problems in the co-operation ~ 1990/2000 • Vacuum left by traditional partners • State foundations, FAPESP…, and CAPES • UNIBRAL, PROBRAL (next talk?) • New programmes (undergraduate), and DFG, MPG, AvH participating more strongly, and even FINEP, FhG entering • BRAGECRIM (next talk?) • Examples of recent initiatives (engineers) • DWIH: the role to be played, collaboration • Envisaging future: “INCTxExzellenz Programme”, “large projects”, next

  12. FINAL REMARKS AND CONCLUSIONS • Extremely positive balance • BR-DE co-operation as example for others • Technology: Germany as partner who is willing to share experiences • What could be done to improve (e.g.): -Joint Pos-Doc programmes (post – and undergraduate do exist) -Bi-national Institutes (ethanol, biotech, nanotechnology, microelectronics e.g.), “large” joint projects: MPG–basic, FhG–technology -and certainly other new ideas to come.

  13. THANK YOU SO MUCH!

  14. NOTAS • SHIFT (Studies of Human Impact on Forests and Floodplains in the Tropics) • KfW (Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau) • BRAGECRIM (Brazilian German Collaborative Research Initiative in Manufacturing Technology) • GIZ (Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit)=DED+GTZ+Inwent

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