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Hydrogen Production and Storage

Hydrogen Production and Storage. “ The time has come to do something about the United States' ‘ addiction ’ to oil …” -George W. Bush. George Bush’s 2003 State of the Union Address.

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Hydrogen Production and Storage

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  1. Hydrogen Production and Storage “The time has come to do something about the United States' ‘addiction’ to oil…” -George W. Bush

  2. George Bush’s 2003 State of the Union Address • President Bush called for a plan to invest in alternative energies and for the development of a national hydrogen infrastructure

  3. Proposals in the State of the Union address • 15 percent reduction in the amount of Mid-east oil imports • Increase the average number of miles per gallon in a vehicle • Mentioned the possible use of ethanol, wood chips and switch grass as biofuels that show a promising future • An increase in research regarding the hydrogen industry, specifically in producing pollution-free hydrogen powered automobiles

  4. Funds • Allocated $1.2 billion towards his environmentally protective initiative • Main goal: pollution-free hydrogen powered automobiles by the time a child born in 2003 reached driving age • The hydrogen economy initiative has progressed much slower than many would have liked in terms of funding

  5. Figures • $23 million appropriated by Congress in 2004 for biological & petrochemical hydrogen production research • DOE Hydrogen program that heads the developmental studies only received $10.1 million from Congress out of the $23 million originally planned • DOE received $8.5 million in 2006 from Congress out of the $32.1 million originally appropriated • Hydrogen projects= stagnant because of budget constraints

  6. DOE Hydrogen Program Timeline • A successful hydrogen economy will take a long time to achieve. The government is expected to play a larger role initially to allow for industry growth by providing “technology readiness”

  7. Hydrogen Production • Coal Gasification • Cyanobacteria and Microalgae • Photosynthetic Bacteria • Nuclear http://thefraserdomain.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/shec_labs_solar_h2_4.jpg http://capefeare.com/snpp.gif

  8. Coal Gasification • Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle (IGCC) Technology • Coal + Oxygen + Steam → Synthesis Gas • Synthesis Gas → Hydrogen

  9. Cyanobacteria and Microalgae • Oxygenic Photosynthesis • CO2 + H2O → 6 [CH2O] + O2 • Hydrogenase Hydrogen Production • Nitrogenase Hydrogen Production http://universe-review.ca/I11-30-cyanobacteria.jpg

  10. Hydrogenase Hydrogen Production • Discovered in 1942 • Hydrogenase Used As a Catalyst: • 2H+ + 2Xreduced→ 6 H2 + 2Xoxidized • Conversion Efficiency of ~ 10 to 20% http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/icl/faagroup/dgigasx.gif

  11. Nitrogenase Hydrogen Production • Discovered in 1974 • Molecular Nitrogen to Ammonia: • N2 + 6H+ + 6e-→ 2HN3 • Nitrogenase Catalyzes in Absence of N2 Gas: • 2H+ + 2e-→ H2 • Conversion Efficiency of ~ 3.5%

  12. Photosynthetic Bacteria • Light Energy Not Required • Higher Efficiency than Cyanobacteria • Conversion Efficiency of ~ 6 to 8% http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/onlinebio/84150f.jpg http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20030816/a3901_153.jpg

  13. Nuclear • Currently Day Nuclear Reactors • Electrolysis • 2H2O(l) → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) • Utilize Off-Peak Hours • Generation IV Nuclear Reactors • High-Temperature Steam Electrolysis (HTSE) • Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycles (TWSC)

  14. CSIRO Home Fueling Station • Variety of Power Supply Options • Can Fit in Garage • Produce ~100 miles worth per day • Relatively Inexpensive http://blogs.business2.com/greenwombat/2007/01/the_solarpowere.html

  15. GM Fuel Cell Vehicle • Bob Lutz, GM Vice Chairman, shown with GM’s Chevrolet Sequel Hydrogen Fuel Cell vehicle, which is fueled by compressed hydrogen

  16. GM Fuel Cell Vehicle • The HydroGen3 is fueled by hydrogen and has a 249 mile range (liquid storage); 168 mile range (compressed) • Part of the Clean Energy Partnership in Berlin

  17. Hydrogen Storage

  18. Hydrogen Storage • Hydrogen Storage plays a vital role in the advancement of fuel cell and hydrogen technologies; critical for the future success of the overall hydrogen economy • DOE’s primary focus is to have storage systems that allow for a driving range of up to 300 miles+ • Hydrogen storage needed in areas such as hydrogen delivery, refueling infrastructures, stationary power generation & vehicular applications • Challenges DOE has met regarding storage include safety, durability, refueling time, cost, efficiency and performance of on-board hydrogen storage

  19. Hydrogen Storage Technological Aspects • Current technological aspects to on-board hydrogen storage include: liquid hydrogen tankscompressed hydrogen gas tankschemical hydrogen storagecarbon-based materials *high surface area sorbents*metal hydrides *= “reversible on-board storage systems” refill of hydrogen occurs on-board vehicle

  20. Future Hydrogen Storage Prospect: Ethylene • A research report from Turkey’s Bikent University and the National Institute of Standards of Technology said Ethylene would improve efficiency of hydrogen storage • Ethylene= inexpensive molecule, resulting in “two for” deal (represented below)

  21. “Two for” deal • Process where Ethylene molecule has titanium atoms attached at opposite ends  potential net gain of 10 hydrogen molecules • After absorption of molecules onto ethylene-titanium complex  total of 20 hydrogen atoms that would = 14% of titanium-ethylene complex’s weight • Minimal target % for practical storage of hydrogen in a solid state set by the Department of Energy= 6.5% • The 14% projected for the absorbed hydrogen molecules is DOUBLE the minimum of 6.5%

  22. Future Hydrogen Storage Prospect: Use of Icy Material Compounds • Wendy Mao & David Mao; scientists from the University of Chicago • New hydrogen storage technique: use of new icy material compounds for hydrogen storage that will call for < pressure storage condition/ridged temperatures • Hydrogen clathrate hydrate holds most promise of new found compound; feasible & cheap to make • Remains stable at -320 degrees Fahrenheit, byproduct of H20 created by release of hydrogen from a clathrate after compound is heated to 207 degrees

  23. Future Hydrogen Storage Prospect: MOFs • “… They show excellent reversible uptake-release characteristics and appropriate capacities.” -Professor Martin Schröder (College of Chemistry at the University of Nottingham)

  24. Future Hydrogen Storage Prospect: MOFs • A team of scientists from the University of Nottingham conclude that bigger pores aren’t always best for storing the most hydrogen fuels/ fitting the most gas • Propose that hydrogen should be crammed into small spaces; pack into porous materials (soak up gas) • Metal organic frameworks (MOFs): hydrogen gas put into molecular scaffolding structure filled with tiny cylindrical pores

  25. Future Hydrogen Storage Prospect: MOFs • After testing cylinder size, the scientists concluded that as tube sized increased  interaction between hydrogen gas molecules weakened (middle-sized pores held highest density of hydrogen) • MOFs have already reached DOE’s 2010 target for storage system capacity requirements (> 6% hydrogen by weight= economically viable) • Frameworks have highest % of hydrogen uptake in comparison to other materials being investigated

  26. Environmentally Friendly • Hydrogen gas= viable dominate energy carrier  does not produce CO2 in combustion (the greenhouse gas many are concerned with because of global warming concerns) • Producing hydrogen from nuclear energy or renewable resources will reduce CO2 emissions  near-zero greenhouse gas & criteria emissions • Hydrogen fuel cell automobiles would output water vapor & would not emit air pollutants or CO2 • The byproducts of hydrogen gas converting fuel cells to electricity: pure H20 & potentially useful heat

  27. Environmentally Friendly • the commercial feasibility of renewable energy resources would expand if hydrogen was used as a mainstream carrier because it would capture the full amount of wind or solar generated power

  28. Conversion to a Hydrogen Economy • transitioning to a Hydrogen Economy:it could take ¾ of a century if no incentives are given for clean energy

  29. Social Acceptance: Safety • Dangerous? • Spills Won’t Pollute • Hydrogen Tanks Withstand Impacts • If Ignited, Temperatures Remain Relatively Constant http://www.fluent.com/about/news/newsletters/01v10i2/img/s9i2_lg.gif

  30. PSU Social Acceptance of Hydrogen • A hydrogen gas station was built at University Park in 2005; presently building a number of hydrogen-powered vehicles for use on campus by the OPP staff • Cost to convert the six OPP vans= $15,000 • PSU goal: total use 40 kilograms of hydrogen per day out of the possible 100 kilograms per day the station is able to produce • PSU GEM electrical vehicle:

  31. PSU Social Acceptance of Hydrogen • Within weeks, a partially hydrogen-fueled (hydrogen-compressed natural gas: 70% natural gas, 30% hydrogen) $80,000 CATA bus will serve students • Look for Bus No. 85  • CATA bus funded by donations and grants • PSU goal: total use 26 kilograms of hydrogen per day • If beginning stages prove successful, more vehicles and buses planned to be purchased by Penn State

  32. Conclusion • Possible Fuel • CSIRO Home Fueling Station • Two-For Deal • Environmentally Friendly • Social Acceptance Rising http://www.hightowerlowdown.org/sites/hightowerlowdown.civicactions.net/files/images/cartoon_200201.JPG

  33. Works Cited: Images & Information • http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/297.html • http://www.avert.org.uk/media/photos/520.jpg • http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/400_fcv/fact_sheets.html • http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/timeline.html • http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/storage/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/storage/current_technology.htmlhttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/storage/storage_challenges.html • http://www.collegian.psu.edu/archive/2007/04/04-09-07tdc/04-09-07dnews-01.asp • http://www.collegian.psu.edu/archive/2007/03/03-28-07tdc/03-28-07dnews-02.asp • http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/12/061209083951.htm • http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7241e/w7241e0g.htm#references • http://proquest.com.ezacess.libraries.psu.edu/pqdweb?did=739061941&sid=3&Fmt=3&clientId=9874&RQT=309&VName=PQD • http://proquest.com.ezacess.libraries.psu.edu/pqdweb?did=1176435511&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=9874&RQT=309&VName=PQD • http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/icl/faagroup/dgigasx.gif • http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/onlinebio/84150f.jpg

  34. Works Cited: Images & Information • http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/09/060925065126.htm • http://proquest.umi.com.ezacess.libraries.psu.edu/pqdweb?did=1048875301&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=9874&RQT=309&VName=PQD • http://proquest.com.ezacess.libraries.psu.edu/pqdweb?did=823601431&sid=3&Fmt=3&clientId=9874&RQT=309&VName=PQD • http://www.getenergysmart.org/Files/HydrogenEducation/7HydrogenProductionNuclear.pdf • http://proquest.com.ezacess.libraries.psu.edu/pqdweb?did=351504831&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=9874&RQT=309&VName=PQD • http://www.sfgate.com/cgibin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/01/29/MN76411.DTL • http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v33_2_00/hydrogen.htm • http://proquest.com.ezacess.libraries.psu.edu/pqdweb?did=478055621&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=9874&RQT=309&VName=PQD • http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/01/040107071941.htm • http://proquest.umi.com.ezacess.libraries.psu.edu/pqdweb?did=1167152171&sid=3&Fmt=3&clientId=9874&RQT=309&VName=PQD • http://www.ichet.org/ichet.org/ICHET-transition.php • http://www.hydrogen.gov/whyhydrogen_environment.html • http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20030816/a3901_153.jpg • http://www.unido-ichet.org/ichet.org/hydrogen_world.php • http://universe-review.ca/I11-30-cyanobacteria.jpg • http://www.fluent.com/about/news/newsletters/01v10i2/img/s9i2_lg.gif • http://www.hightowerlowdown.org/sites/hightowerlowdown.civicactions.net/files/images/cartoon_200201.JPG • http://blogs.business2.com/greenwombat/2007/01/the_solarpowere.html

  35. Works Cited: Images & Information • Arnason, Bragi, and Thorsteinn I. Sigfusson. "Application of Geothermal Energy to Hydrogen Production and Storage." University of Iceland. 25 Mar. 2007 <http://theochem.org/bragastofa/CD/essen.pdf> • Datta, Saheli, and Todd Woody. "8 Technologies for a Green Future." CNNMoney. 7 Mar. 2007. 20 Mar. 2007 <http://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/02/01/8398 988/index.htm>. • "Hydrogen From Coal Research." DOE. 12 Dec. 2005. U.S. Dept. of Energy. 12 Apr. 2007 <http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/fuels/hydrogen/Hydrogen_from_Coal_R%26D.html>. • "Hydrogen Production - Nuclear." 2007. New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. 20 Mar. 2007 <http://www.getenergysmart.org/Files/HydrogenEducation/7HydrogenProduction Nuclear.pdf>. • "Is Hydrogen Dangerous?" Rocky Mountain Institute. 2006. 25 Mar. 2007 <http://www.rmi.org/sitepages/pid536.php>. • Melvin, A. “The Impracticality of Large-Scale Generation of Hydrogen From Water Photolysis By Utilization of Solar Radiation.” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. Vol. 4. Great Britain: Pergamon Press Ltd. 1979. 223-224. • Miyamoto, Kazuhisa, ed. Renewable biological systems for alternative sustainable energy production. FAO, 1997. • Morris, Craig. Energy Switch. Canada: New Society Publishers, 2006. • "New Hydrogen-Producing Reaction Could Lead to Micropower Sources." ORNL.Gov. 2000. U.S. Dept. of Energy. 24 Mar. 2007 <http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v33_2_00/micropower.htm>. • Pendley, Wayne L. "All-Consuming Passion: Waking Up for the American Dream." EcoFuture. 17 Jan. 2002. New Road Map Foundation. 24 Mar. 2007 <http://www.ecofuture.org/pk/pkar9506.html>. • "Producing and Detecting Hydrogen." ORNL.Gov. 2000. U.S. Dept. of Energy. 20 Mar. 2007 <http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v33_2_00/hydrogen.htm>. • Smil, Vaclav. Energy. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2006.

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