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Conducting Ethical Research

Conducting Ethical Research. Slides Prepared by Alison L. O’Malley. Passer Chapter 3. Codes of Research Ethics. What is/are ethics? Ethical concerns permeate every aspect of the research process. Name and describe a historical event that influenced contemporary research ethics codes. 4.

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Conducting Ethical Research

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  1. Conducting EthicalResearch Slides Prepared by Alison L. O’Malley Passer Chapter 3

  2. Codes of Research Ethics What is/are ethics? Ethical concerns permeate every aspect of the research process. Name and describe a historical event that influenced contemporary research ethics codes. 4

  3. The Nuremberg Code (1947) • Set of ethical principles essential for medical experiments to be “permissible” (also applies to behavioral research) • Voluntary consent with freedom to withdraw at any time • Information prior to giving consent about research purpose and potential risks • Avoidance of unnecessary risk • Results should be of sufficient value to outweigh risks to participants • Qualified scientists must conduct the research

  4. The Belmont Report (1979) • Respect • Beneficence • Justice Concerns for these ethical principles govern participant selection, consent, and risk-benefit assessment. 4

  5. APA Ethics Code (2010) • Beneficence and nonmaleficence (huh?) • Fidelity and responsibility • Integrity • Justice • Respect How does each principle apply to the conduction of psychological science?

  6. Institutional Review: The IRB • Who sits on your institution’s IRB? • How does your IRB assess the degree of risk to participants? • What’s the difference between anonymity and confidentiality? 4

  7. The IRB Exempt Expedited Full Review Describe each form of IRB review.

  8. Types of Harm Considered in judging degree of risk to participants • Physical harm (e.g., pain) • Psychological harm (e.g., anxiety) • Social harm and loss of privacy (e.g., sensitive information disclosed) • Economic or legal harm (e.g., accident after research-induced sleep deprivation)

  9. Excerpt of Sample Informed Consent • I have been fully informed of the above-described procedure with its possible benefits and risks. I understand that I may view my responses at a later date and be fully de-briefed on them if I so desire. I also understand that my responses will be maintained in a confidential manner by the researcher. I voluntarily give permission for my participation in this study. I know that the investigator and her associates will be available to answer any questions I may have. I understand that I am free to withdraw this consent and discontinue participation in this project at any time without penalty. I am also aware that I will receive a copy of this Informed Consent form for my records at this time. • Participant Signature ________________________________________ 4

  10. Informed Consent What other elements must be reflected in an informed consent? Is informed consent absolutely necessary? 4

  11. Informed Consent How does assent come into play when working with vulnerable populations? 4

  12. Deception • Passive deception: Researchers withhold info that might influence participants’ decision to provide informed consent • Active deception: Researchers mislead participants about some aspect of a study • If participants receive bogus negative feedback about their task performance, what sort of deception is this? Is it justifiable?

  13. Deception • How was deception employed in Milgram’s (1963, 1974) obedience studies? Identify the confederate(s)

  14. Debriefing What are the elements of a thorough debriefing? Thanks. Bye now.

  15. Nonhuman Animal Research • Why is psychological research conducted on animals? • Animal Welfare Act regulates use of warm-blooded animals with exception of mice, rats, and birds

  16. Institutional Review: The IRB • Who sits on your institution’s IACUC? • Ethical standards for animal research revolve around • Reduction • Refinement • Replacement Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare 4

  17. Tell Your Story with Integrity • Represent yourself accurately • Report results ethically • Fabrication and falsification are FRAUD • …and what about questionable research practices (QRPs)? Should data stay or go?

  18. Tell Your Story with Integrity • Does an idea belong to you, or did it originate with someone else? • Did you know it’s possible to plagiarize yourself? • Paraphrase and cite with care!

  19. When it comes to research ethics, there are many shades of grey… • Ask critical questions. Seek advice from trusted teachers and mentors. You’re not in this alone!

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