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Diabetes

Diabetes. What is it?.

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Diabetes

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  1. Diabetes

  2. What is it? • Diabetes is a chronic condition in which the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood are too high. Blood glucose levels are normally regulated by the hormone insulin, which is made by the pancreas. In people with diabetes, the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin or there is a problem with how the body's cells respond to it. • In type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin, and usually develops before the age of 40. It is less common than type 2 diabetes. • Type 2 diabetes is where the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body's cells do not react to insulin. It is often associated with obesity and is more common in older people.

  3. Why has it been selected as a NHPA? • Australian health ministers declared diabetes mellitus as the fifth NHPA in 1996, because it meets several of the criteria for priority national attention these include: • High overall burden of the disease in terms of mortality, morbidity and disability • Potential for health gain through prevention of the disease or lessening its impact • Existence of cost-effective interventions • Disproportionate impact upon certain segments of the population

  4. How does diabetes contribute to burden of disease? • Diabetes was responsible for 4.9% of total DALYs in 1996 (Table 6.9). This represents 6.5% of all deaths, 5.2% of YLL and 4.6% of YLD—reflecting the fact diabetes is a major cause of chronic disability as well as premature death. Figure 6.15 shows the total YLL and YLD resulting from Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes directly, as well as the attributable YLL and YLD

  5. Risk Factors • Overweight, and in particular obesity, are key risk factors for the development of diabetes. Increased body weight can lead to increased insulin resistance and defects in insulin secretion • Participation in regular physical activity is recommended to aid in preventing Type 2 diabetes • A high fibre diet, with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, is recommended to reduce the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes . • Over 90% of Australian adults did not consume enough vegetables in 2007–08, based on self-reported data from the NHS. • Tobacco smoking increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes and diabetes-associated complications • High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a major risk factor for the development of diabetes, complications including cardiovascular diseaseand kidney diease

  6. Health Promotions related to diabetes • Some of the programs developed to address diabetes are listed below: • The shape up Australia campaign which is a federal government initiative that promotes physical activity and healthy eating in an attempt to decrease obesity rates and associated chronic conditions including diabetes. There goal is to reduce their waist measurements and improve their overall health and wellbeing. • Prevention of type 2 diabetes program • Programs run by the juvenile diabetes research foundation • National Diabetes week • Life!

  7. Direct, Indirect and intangible costs associated with diabetes • Direct:In 2004-05 approximately $900 million was spent on direct costs of diabetes, As there is no cure many of the direct costs associated with diabetes due to management of the condition. This includes doctors and specialists consultations and pharmaceuticals. Many of these costs are funded by Medicare • Indirect: The indirect costs associated with diabetes amount to almost $3 billon. Indirect costs to the community include government social security payments, lost productivity and payment for carers. Individuals with diabetes also experience a range of indirect costs associated with their condition, These can include paying for a dietitanor personal trainer to assist with weight management • Intangible:Living with diabetes involves making lifestyle changes to diet and activity levels to manage the condition. Some examples of intangible costs are: frustration over having to make changes to exercise and diet routines, anxiety about the possibility that the condition can progress and intangible costs to the community include frustration experienced by family members of those with diabetes

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