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Nationalism and Unification

Nationalism and Unification. Beginnings of modern Europe. Nationalism. The rise of nationalism was a powerful force behind European politics during the nineteenth century. Widespread demands for political rights led to revolutions and legislative actions in Europe.

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Nationalism and Unification

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  1. Nationalism and Unification Beginnings of modern Europe

  2. Nationalism • The rise of nationalism was a powerful force behind European politics during the nineteenth century. • Widespread demands for political rights led to revolutions and legislative actions in Europe. • How did nationalism and democracy influence national revolutions? • Nationalism – The belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation – that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and a history, rather than to a king or ruler.

  3. Nationalism and Democratic influence • National pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism. • The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe, especially in Italy and the German states. Unsuccessful revolutions of 1848 increased nationalistic tensions.

  4. Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity • Two Views of Nationalism • Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation-states • Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their subjects • Three different types of nationalist movements: • unification merges culturally similar lands • separation splits off culturally distinct groups • state-building binds separate cultures into one

  5. Nationalism and Democratic influence • In contrast to continental Europe, the United Kingdom expanded political rights through legislative means and made slavery illegal in the British Empire.

  6. Case Study: Italy • Cavour Leads Italian Unification(Northern Italy) • Camillo di Cavour—prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1852 • Gets French help to win control of Austrian-controlled Italian land

  7. Case Study: Italy • Garibaldi Brings Unity • Giuseppe Garibaldi—leads nationalists who conquer southern Italy • Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy with Sardinia • Garibaldi steps aside, allowing the king of Sardinia to rule • Control of Venetia and Papal States finally unites Italy

  8. Unification of Italy • What events led to the unification of Italy? • Count Cavour unified northern Italy. • Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy. • The Papal States (including Rome) became the last to join Italy.

  9. Italian Unification 1850-1870 Count Cavour

  10. Case Study: Germany • Bismarck Unites Germany • Beginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states form the German Confederation • Prussia Leads German Unification • Prussia has advantages that help it to unify Germany • mainly German population • powerful army • creation of liberal constitution

  11. Case Study: Germany • Bismarck Takes Control • Junkers—conservative wealthy landowners—support Prussian Wilhelm I • Junker realpolitik master Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister • Realpolitik—power politics without room for idealism • Bismarck defies Prussian parliament

  12. Unification of Germany • What role did Otto von Bismarck play in the unification of Germany? • Otto van Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings. • Bismarck’s actions were seen as an example of Realpolitik,which justifies all means to achieve and hold power. • The Franco-Prussian War led to the creation of the German state.

  13. Case Study: Germany • The Franco-Prussian War • Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all Germans • Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser—emperor of a united Germany—at Versailles • Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance.

  14. Realpolitik: means…. “Do whatever it takes to git ‘er done!” “You must have read my book!”

  15. A Shift in Power • Balance Is Lost • In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe: • Austria • Prussia • Britain • France • Russia • By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power • Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economically

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