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Concept Map

Concept Map. Nonvertebrate chordates Jawless fishes Cartilaginous fishes Bony fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals. Figure 33–2 A Cladogram of Chordates. Section 33-1. Body Temperature (°C). Environmental Temperature (°C). Comparing Functions of Chordates. Respiration

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Concept Map

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  1. Concept Map

  2. Nonvertebrate chordates Jawless fishes Cartilaginous fishes Bony fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Figure 33–2 A Cladogram of Chordates Section 33-1

  3. Body Temperature (°C) Environmental Temperature (°C)

  4. Comparing Functions of Chordates Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Non- vertebrate Chordates Gills and diffusion No true chambers Gills andgill slits Simple; mass of nerve cells Gills/air sacs Single loop; 2 chambers Kidney andgills Cephalization; small cerebrum Simple lungs and skin Double loop; 3 chambers Kidney andgills Cephalization; small cerebrum Lungs Double loop; 3 chambers Kidney Cephalization; small cerebrum Lungs (tubes and air sacs; one-way flow) Double loop; 4 chambers Kidney Cephalization; large cerebrum Lungs (alveoli) Double loop; 4 chambers Kidney Cephalization; large cerebrum Gills and diffusion No true chambers Gills andgill slits Simple; mass of nerve cells Birds Function Fishes Amphibians (adult) Mammals Reptiles

  5. Amphibians (adult) Limbs stick out sideways; muscles and ligaments External fertilization Ectothermic Comparing Functions of Chordates Muscles,no bones External fertilization Ectothermic Movement Reproduction TemperatureControl Muscles on either side of backbone External fertilization Ectothermic Limbs point directly toward ground; muscles and ligaments Internal fertilization; shelled egg Ectothermic Upper limbs are wings; 2 feet; muscles and ligaments Internal fertilization; shelled egg Endothermic 2 or 4 legs; walk with legs straight under them; muscles and ligaments Internal fertilization and development Endothermic Birds Function Non- vertebrate Chordates Fishes Amphibians (adult) Mammals Reptiles

  6. Form and Function in Vertebrates

  7. Questions • What relationship exists between the type of circulatory pathway and the number of heart chambers? Organisms with a 2-chambered heart have a single-loop and organisms with 3 or 4 – chambered hearts have a double-loop

  8. What is the relationship between the habitat of an organism and the structures used for gas exchange? Aquatic organisms use gills and terrestrial organisms use lungs.

  9. How does each type of nitrogenous waste excreted relate to the type of excretory structure in each group. Ammonia is excreted by organisms that use gills; uric acid and urea is excreted by organisms that use kidneys

  10. Reproduction

  11. Questions • What relationship exists between an organism’s habitat and its method of fertilization? In water, fertilization is external. On land, fertilization is internal.

  12. How does the number of eggs produced relate to the method of fertilization? External fertilization requires many eggs, while internal fertilization produces fewer eggs.

  13. The type of fertilization and the number of eggs produced often indicate the amount of parental care of the offspring. Use the table to predict the amount of parental care given by each vertebrate group. Fish and amphibians – little to no parental care. Reptiles – some parental care. Birds and mammals – much parental care.

  14. Shark Salamander Lizard Pigeon Cow Esophagus Stomach Intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Cloaca Crop Gizzard Cecum Rectum

  15. Nostrils, mouth, and throat Trachea Lung Air sac Salamander Lizard Primate Pigeon

  16. Single-LoopCirculatory System Double-Loop Circulatory System FISHES MOST REPTILES

  17. Section 31-1 Liver Kidney Heart Cloaca Lung Bladder Digestivetract Right atrium To body From lungs To lungs Left atrium From body Ventricle Incomplete division

  18. Domestic pigeon Right atrium Left atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle Heart Complete division

  19. Section 32-1 Left atrium Right atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle Complete division

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