SLHC and CMS

1. SLHC and CMS LHC Upgrades Dan Green US CMS Program Manager Fermilab October 6, 2004

2. Outline • SLHC – Upgrades and “Reach” • CMS and US CMS Collaborations

3. LHC Detector Innovations • LHC challenges have led to dramatic detector progress • LA – “accordion” for high speed operation • PbWO4 – fast crystal calorimetry, radiation resistant. • Muon Toroids – precision momentum over an enormous volume. • All silicon tracking – 200 m2 • Silicon pixels at p-p colliders for b tagging. • DSM electronics – radiation hard • Optical data transfers – fast, hermetic.

4. Install upgrade here Evolution of LHC luminosity When do you upgrade the LHC and expts?

5. Mass Reach vs L - SLHC VLHC LHC Tevatron At 1032 reach is already 2 TeV In general mass reach is increased by ~ 1.5 TeV for Z’, heavy SUSY squarks or gluinos or extra dimension mass scales. A ~ 20% measurement of the HHH coupling is possible for Higgs masses < 200 GeV. However, to realize these improvements we need to maintain the capabilities of the LHC detectors.

6. Kinematics 5 TeV 1 TeV barrel y barrel Heavy States decay at wide angles. For example Z’ of 1 and 5 TeV decaying into light pairs. Therefore, for these states we will concentrate on wide angle detectors.

7. Higgs Self Coupling Baur, Plehn, Rainwater HH  W+ W- W+ W-   jj jj Find the Higgs? If the H mass is known, then the SM H potential is completely known  HH prediction. If H is found, measure self-couplings, but ultimately SLHC is needed. The plan is for 10x increase in luminosity ~ 2013. Given the needed R&D time, work on the new detectors needed for the SLHC must start very soon.

8. LHC SLHC s 14 TeV 14 TeV L 1034 1035 100 1000 Bunch spacing dt 25 ns 12.5 ns N( interactions/x-ing) ~ 12 ~ 62 dNch/d per x-ing ~ 75 ~ 375 Tracker occupancy 1 5 Pile-up noise 1 ~2.2 Dose central region 1 10 Detector Environment Bunch spacing reduced 2x. Interactions/crossing increased 5 x. Pileup noise increased by 2.2x if crossings are time resolvable. Tenfold L increase comes from dt, *, and p/bunch.

9. Heavy Ion Program In heavy ion (HI) runs the particle density is ~ 5000 for Pb-Pb. Good study for detector “headroom” w.r.t. SLHC.

10. HI – Tracker Study Efficiency Fakes |h| < 0.7 The CMS tracker has sufficient headroom to operate in the HI environment.

11. Tracker – Ionizing Dose • The ionizing dose due to charged particles is: • The dose depends only on luminosity, r, and exposure time . • For example, at r = 20 cm, the dose is ~3 Mrad/yr – ignoring “loopers”, interactions, ….  “naïve” expectation.

12. Tracker ID vs. Radius 1 2 3 naive Define 3 regions. With 10x increase in L, need a ~ 3x change in radius to preserve an existing technology.

13. Crossing ID: CMS HB Pulse Shape 100 GeV electrons. 25ns bins. Average pulse shape, phased +1ns to LHC clock. Bunch ID at 12.5 nsec OK

14. Full jet reconstruction in central Pb-Pb collision HIJING, dNch/dy = 5000 Efficiency, purity Measured jet energy HI - Jet Reconstruction Jet energy resolution

15. ECAL – Shower Dose • The dose in ECAL is ~ due to photon showers and is: • In the barrel, SD is ~ . In the endcap, SD ~ • At r = 1.2 m, for Pb with Ec = 7.4 MeV, the dose at y=0 is 3.3 Mrad/yr, at |y|=1.5 it is 7.8 Mrad/yr.

16. HCAL and ECAL Dose ecal hcal naive Barrel doses are not a problem. For the endcaps a technology change may be needed for 2 < |y| < 3 for the CMS HCAL. Switch to quartz fiber as in HF?

17. HCAL - Coverage VBF and “tag” jets are important for calorimetry. Reduced forward coverage to compensate for 10x L is not too damaging to “tag jet” efficiency, SD ~ 1/3 ~ e3

18. Muons and Shielding There is factor ~ 5 in headroom at design L. With added shielding, dose rates can be kept constant if angular coverage goes from |y|<2.4 to |y|<2. r r z

19. L1 Trigger at 1035 ? • Muons are ~ clean. Issue of low momentum muons from b jets. Jets are ~ clean. ECAL jets are mostly “garbage”  need tracker to make big L1 improvements. • Rutherford scattering ~ 1/PT3 at low momentum • Simply scale thresholds? Or migrate Tracking into L1 trigger at the SLHC.

20. Summary and Conclusions • LHC experiments are designed for discovery at the new energy frontier • The detectors are nearing completion and commissioning has begun • Discoveries will come early because energy matters. The experiments must be ready on day one. • It is not just the quick discovery. With the SLHC the program (new spectroscopy ?) at the energy frontier will span decades.

21. The CMS Collaboration Number of Laboratories Member States 59 Non-Member States 56 USA 38 153 Total Number of Scientists 1005 Member States Non-Member States 528 USA 443 Total 1976 Associated Institutes Number of Scientists Number of Laboratories 73 10 Belgium Bulgaria Austria USA Finland CERN France Germany Greece Russia Hungary Uzbekistan Italy Ukraine Slovak Republic Poland Georgia UK Belarus Portugal Turkey Brazil Armenia Serbia Spain China, PR Pakistan Korea China (Taiwan) Switzerland Ireland New-Zealand Iran Croatia India Cyprus Estonia 1976 Physicists and Engineers 36 Countries 153 Institutions April, 05 2004/gm http://cmsdoc.cern.ch/pictures/cmsorg/overview.html

22. CMS – SC and MB

23. US CMS – 38 +1 Groups

24. US CMS Groups

25. PMP – L2 Managers

26. WBS for US CMS WBS 1. -EMU(UW) WBS -2.HCAL(UM) 1. Endcap Muon -Cathode Strip Chambers 2. Hadron Calorimeter - full HB, HOB, HE and HF transducers and readout.-HE scint, HF QP fibers 3.Endcap muon and calorimeter trigger. DAQ filter 4. Electromagnetic Calorimeter - barrel transducers, front end electronics, and laser monitor 5. Forward pixels 6. Common Projects - endcap yoke, barrel cryostat and superconductor 7. Project office 8. Si Tracker – full TOB WBS 3.- Trigger (UW) DAQ(FNAL) WBS 5.-FPIX(NW) WS 6.-CP (UW,FNAL) WBS 4.-ECAL(UMinn) WBS 8. -Si Trkr(UCSB)

27. One Page Summary WBS schedule saturates BA – go as fast as possible. Initial contingency level was 43 %. TPC is capped. Lag in work performed (reporting?) and in actuals (delayed invoicing). Close completed tasks after 1 year.

28. CERN – US CMS # = faculty + PD (total interest not FTE) HEPAP Survey – Ramp Up

29. CMS - USC 55 Delivery estimated for 1 June 2004. Can be accommodated in v34.0 leading to ready for crates on 15 Jul 2005. 3 shifts running underground with up to 200 workers Contractors are anxious to finish pt 5 work asap. 13 April 2004 – USC55 Cavern

30. CMS - Experimental Caverns Experiment: UXC55 ready July 04 Service : USC55 ready Jan 04

31. CMS – Si Tracker All TIB layers completed: L1, L2, L3 and L4 (F/B). Surveyed TIB layers: L1B and L4F/B. Layer 3 Proto: ready for module integration. Layer 3 Proto ready Layer 4&1 Backward Layer 4&3 Forward

32. Dipole Installation Jan., 2004

33. US LHC - IR Quad US involved in next generation (SLHC) low  quads

34. CMS: 1st Coil Module at CERN-SX5 World’s largest electro-magnet. 4T field. Calorimetry is inside.

35. SX5 and Pit-head Cover cover complete first closing test later this month. SX5 Jura wall removal this summer

36. Mass “Reach” and L • The number of Z’ detected in leptonic decays is: • For , if N = 100 is discovery level then M ~ 5.3 TeV is ~ the mass “reach” in 1 year (M=4 -> 5.3 TeV). • The leptons will be sharply limited to low |y| or large angles (“barrel”).

37. HI Tracking • Match Reconstructed tracks to MC input on a hit by hit basis. (Event sample: dn/dy ~3000 + one 100GeV Jet/Event) |h| < 0.7 dpT/pT < 1%

38. The Algorithm – HI Tracking Adapted from default p+p reconstruction. Based on Kalman Filter (ORCA_6_3_0) Modifications to the p+p Algorithm: • Trajectory Seed Generation Three pixel hit combinations compatible with primary event vertex • Trajectory Building Special error assignment to merged hits • Trajectory cleaning Allow only one track per trajectory seed • Trajectory Smoothing Final fit with split stereo layers Code is currently frozen and prepared for release

39. HI, dN/dy ~5000 • Charged particle spectra can be reconstructed for pT>1GeV (“loopers” are lost) • Lower cutoff possible with reduced field

40. Preparing for the Physics • Test beam work continues – calibration, low momentum • Optical alignment, construction constants – databases • Trigger and DAQ studies at low and high luminosity. • Initial physics run studies with 10 fb-1 - LHC Symposium. • Grid Computing – hierarchical structure, Tier 0 – Tier 1 and Tier 2. • Core Computing and Software • Data Challenges – incremental, DC04 = 25% bandwidth

41. US CMS387 Members from 38 Institutions US is the single largest national group in CMS. US is distributed widely over universities in CMS. There are 50 distinct groups working on US CMS L2 subsystems.

42. US LHC Construction Projects The 531 M$ investment in US LHC construction has been wisely used. The Projects are on schedule (for 2005 ~ completion) and on budget. Next step is to use the time before 2007 to prepare for the physics – commissioning and preops in SX5 – more “slice” tests.