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Chapter 3: Phrases (pg. 145)

Chapter 3: Phrases (pg. 145). Prepositional Phrases Appositives Verbals. Prepositional Phrases pg. 147. Phrase: group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech.

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Chapter 3: Phrases (pg. 145)

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  1. Chapter 3: Phrases (pg. 145) Prepositional Phrases Appositives Verbals

  2. Prepositional Phrases pg. 147 • Phrase: group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech. • Prepositional Phrase: group of words that begins w/ a prep. and ends w/ a noun or pronoun, which is called an object of the preposition. • i.e. The staircase is too steep for Carol. (Carol is the object of the prep. for)

  3. Prepositional Phrases • Adjectives and other modifiers may be placed between the object and prep. • Prep. may have more than one object. • i.e. The staircase leads to the crowded, dusty attic and the roof. (adj. added, two objects)

  4. Prepositional Phrases • A prepositional phrase functions as an adjective or adverb. • Adjective Phrase: modifies a noun or pronoun; usually follows the word it modifies. • i.e. Chris parked the car on the left. • i.e. Which of the toys is downstairs?

  5. Prepositional Phrases • Adverb Phrase: modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. • i.e. At noon Ryan went tothe game. • i.e. Sarah told him that exercise is healthy for him. • i.e. Wyatt skates very well under pressure.

  6. Prepositional Phrases • An adverb phrase that modifies a verb may appear in different places in a sentence. • Samantha wore a shiny bracelet on her wrist. • On her wrist, Samantha wore a shiny bracelet. • Samantha wore on her wrist a shiny bracelet. • Now complete Practice on page 149.

  7. Appositives pg. 149 • Appositive: a noun or pronoun that is placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify it or give additional info about it. • i.e. My friend Josh went to Michigan State. • Appositive Phrase: an appositive plus any words that modify the appositive. • i.e. I am saving money to visit my family in Calgary, the capital of Alberta.

  8. Appositives • Use commas to set off any appositive or appositive phrase that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. • i.e. Jeff, Jeremy’s only brother, plays pro lacrosse. • Patrick’s friend Mike attended Lake Forest. - the appositive is essential because Patrick has more than one friend.

  9. Appositives • Usually an appositive or appositive phrase follows the noun or pronoun it identifies or explains. • Occasionally, an appositive or appositive phrase precedes the noun or pronoun. • i.e. An older brother, Ricky has always been protective. • Now complete the Practice on page 150!

  10. Verbals and Verbal Phrases pg. 151 • Verbal: a verb form that functions in a sentence as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. • Verbal Phrase: a verbal plus any complements and modifiers. • Participles: verb form that functions as an adjective. • Gerunds: verb form that ends in –ing that functions as a noun. • Infinitives: verb form that is preceded by to and is used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

  11. Participles pg. 151 • Present Participles always end in –ing; i.e. moving. • Past Participles often end in –ed; i.e. striped. • Past Participlescan be irregularly formed though; i.e. broken. • Many commonly used adj. are actually participles • When a participle is part of a verb phrase, the participle is not functioning as an adj. i.e. The teacher has confused our names.

  12. Participle Phrases • Participle Phrase- a participle plus any modifiers and complements. • Participle phrases can be placed in various positions, but they ALWAYS act as adj. i.e. The dog saw many ducks swimming in the lake. i.e. Barking loudly, the dog approached the water. i.e. The ducks, startled by the noise, rose and flew away. i.e. The sorely disappointed dog returned home.

  13. Gerunds pg. 153 • Gerund- verb form that ends in –ing and is used the same way a noun is used as… • Subject • Indirect Object • Direct Object • Object of a Preposition • Predicate Nominative • Appositive

  14. Gerund Phrases • Gerund Phrase- gerund plus any modifiers or complements. • i.e. Down hill skiing is good exercise. • i.e. Trey likes road biking. • i.e. Kristin’s favorite sport is ice skating. • Although both a gerund and participle end in –ing, they function differently; Gerunds are nouns and Participles are adj.!

  15. Infinitives pg. 154 • Infinitive- a verb form that is proceeded by to and is used as a noun, adj., or adv. • When you use to bf/ the base form of a verb, to is not a preposition but the infinitive form of the verb. i.e. To stand can be uncomfortable. i.e. They have the desire to win. i.e. I was ready to leave.

  16. Infinitive Phrase • Infinitive Phrase- an infinitive plus any complements and modifiers. i.e.We stopped to look at the beautiful painting. i.e. To be a good student is my goal. i.e. Obedience school teaches dogs to behave well.

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