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JOINT

JOINT. It is the site where two or more bones come together, where there is movement or not. FIBROUS JOINTS. The articulating surfaces are joined by fibrous tissue. Very little movement is possible. E.G : (1) Sutures of the vault of the skull. (2) Inferior tibiofibular joints.

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JOINT

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  1. JOINT • It is the site where two or more bones come together, where there is movement or not.

  2. FIBROUS JOINTS • The articulating surfaces are joined by fibrous tissue. • Very little movement is possible. • E.G : • (1) Sutures of the vault of the skull. • (2) Inferior tibiofibular joints.

  3. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS • A. Primary Cartilagenous • The bones are united by a plate of hyaline cartilage. • E.G : • 1. Between the Epiphysis and Diaphysis of a growing bone. • 2. Between the first rib and the sternum.

  4. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS • B. SecondaryCartilagenous • The bones are united by a plate of fibrocartilage. • Their articulating surfaces are covered by a thin plate of hyaline cartilage. • E.G :(1)joints between the vertebral bodies. • (2) Symphysis pubis.

  5. SYNOVIAL JOINT • It has a great degree of freedom of movement. • The articulating bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and separated by a joint cavity.

  6. SYNOVIAL JOINT • The cavity is lined by synovial membrane. • It is protected on the outside by a tough fibrous capsule. • The synovial membrane produces a lubricating fluid(synovial fluid)

  7. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS • 1. Plane: • The articulating surfaces are flat and the bones slide on one another. • E.G : • Sternoclavicular and Acromioclavicular joints.

  8. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS • 2. Hinge : • It is a uni axial joint (E.G. Elbow, Knee and Ankle joints. • 3. Pivot : • A central bony pivot is surrounded by a bony ligamentous ring. • E.G. (Atlanto-axial, superior radioulnar ).

  9. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS • 4. Condyloid : • Two convex articular surfaces articulate with two concave. (E.G.) Metacarpophalangeal (kunckle joints). • 5. Saddle : • The articulating surfaces are reciprocally concavoconvex. (E.G.) Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

  10. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS • 6. Ellipsoid : • An elliptical convex articular surface fits into an elliptical concave one. • (E.G.) Wrist joint.

  11. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS • 7. Ball and Socket • A ball –shaped head of one bone fits into a socket like concavity of another. • E.G. (Shoulder and Hip).

  12. STABILITY OF THE JOINTS • 1.The Articular surfaces: shape, size and arrangement (E.G.) ball and socket of hip joint. • 2.Ligaments : • A.Fibrous : they prevent excessive movement in a joint. • If the stress is continuous for long, they become stretched. • (E.G.) ligaments between the bones forming the arches of the foot.

  13. STABILITY OF THE JOINTS • B. Elastic : • The ligaments between ear ossicles have an important role in supporting the joints and return the bones to their original position.

  14. STABILITY OF THE JOINTS • 3. Muscle tone : • In most joints it is the major factor controlling stability. • (E.G.) the muscles around the shoulder joint.

  15. TERMS OF MOVEMENT • 1. Flexion : • It takes place in the sagittal plane. • It is usually an anterior movement. • 2. Extension : • It is straightening of the joint. • It takes place in a posterior direction.

  16. TERMS OF MOVEMENT • Lateral flexion : • It is movement in the coronal plane.

  17. TERMS OF MOVEMENT • 3. Abduction : • It is movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane. • 4. Adduction : • It is movement of a limb toward the body in the coronal plane. • 5. Circumduction : • It is the combination of flexion, extension,abduction and adduction.

  18. TERMS OF MOVEMENT • 6. Medial rotation : • The anterior surface of the part faces medially. • 7. Lateral rotation: • The anterior surface of the part faces laterally.

  19. TERMS OF MOVEMENT • 8. Pronation of the forearm: • It is medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly. • 9. Supination of the forearm: • It is lateral rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly.

  20. TERMS OF MOVEMENT • 10. Planter flexion and Dorsiflexion of the foot. • 11.Inversion : • The sole faces in a medial direction. • 12.Eversion : • The sole faces in a lateral direction.

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