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Key Issue #2 Why is English Related to other Languages?

Key Issue #2 Why is English Related to other Languages?. By, Olivia Mulhern. English is a part of the Indo-European language family. A Language Family is a collection of languages related through a common common ancestor that existed long before recorded history.

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Key Issue #2 Why is English Related to other Languages?

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  1. Key Issue #2Why is English Related to other Languages? By, Olivia Mulhern

  2. English is a part of the Indo-European language family. • A Language Family is a collection of languages related through a common • common ancestor that existed long before recorded history. • Nearly 3 billion people speak Indo-European Language.

  3. Indo-European BranchesMain point #1 • A Language Branch is a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed thousand years ago. • Divided into 8 Branches: 1. Indo-Iranian (South Asia). 2. Romance (South Western Europe, & Latin America). 3. Germanic (North Western Europe, & North America). 4. Balto-Slavic (Eastern Europe). 5. Albanian 6. Armenian 7. Greek 8. Celtic Branch #s 1-4 are must used. Branch #s 5-8 are less used.

  4. Germanic Branch • English is part of the Germanic Branch of the Indo-European family because the language was spoken by the Germanic tribes that invaded England 1500 years ago. • A Language Group is a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. • Western Germanic is the group where English belongs (Have many words in common). - The Germanic Language branch also includes North Germanic Languages, spoken in Scandinavia. Those languages include: 1. Swedish 2. Danish 3. Norwegian 4. Icelandic - All of those 4 languages derived from Old Norse in A.D 1000. All four of these languages emerged after that time because of migration.

  5. Indo-Iranian Branch • Includes more than 100 languages spoken by more than 1 billion people. • Divided into Western & Eastern Groups.

  6. Both Groups were forced to learn English as their 2nd Language.

  7. Balto-Slavic Branch • Was once a single language until migration began in the 17th century. • Divided into an East, West & South Slavic groups.

  8. Romance Branch (all developed from Latin) • Romance Language Branch evolved from the Latin Language spoken by the Romans 2,000 years ago. • 4 most widely used Romance Languages: Spanish, Portuguese, French & Italian. • All these countries are connected by the borders of their countries (Spain, Portugal, France, & Italy). • 5th most important language in the Romance Branch is Romanian. • Adding to those five languages, Romanish is one of the four official languages in Switzerland. Catalan, is a Spanish dialect and is the official language in Andorra. • 2nd century, the Roman Empire extended from the Atlantic Ocean on the west to the Black Sea on the east and all lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea. • The Latin people in the provinces learned Vulgar Latin. • Vulgar Latin is a spoken form of Latin. • These languages evolved over time. • Used syllables to make it sound like English. (Example: French word “yes” like the English “we”, spelled in French “oui”). • Creole or Creolized Language (a language that results from the mixing of the colonizer’s language with the “indigenous” language of the people being dominated).

  9. Origin & Diffusion of Indo-EuropeanMain Point #2 • Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, & Indo-Iranian languages must be descended from a single common ancestral language. • It can’t be proved though because a language family can’t be identified since it was too early in history and couldn’t be recorded. • Proto-Indo-European Speakers (Single ancestor). • The evidence people use are the similarities in the different language's words. • Beech, Oak, Bear, Deer, & bee – (similar roots in these languages). • Rice, Bamboo, Camel – (different roots). Can’t be traced back to a Proto-Indo-European ancestor. These roots must have been added later, after the root language split into many languages. • Kurgans (4300 B.C – First Proto-Indo-European as recorded; Lived in present day Russia & Kazakhstan).

  10. Renfrew’s TheoriesRenfrew believes they diffused from: Anatolia Westward to Greece (Greek Language Branch) Westward to Italy, Sicily, Corsica, the Mediterranean coast of France, Spain, & Portugal (Romance Branch) Northward toward central & Northern France & onto the British Isles (Celtic Branch). ALSO • Northward from Greece Toward Danube River (Romania) Westward to • Central Europe (Germanic Branch) Northward Baltic Sea Eastward to • Dnester River (near Ukraine; Slavic Branch) Eastward to Dnepr River (homeland of Kurgans). • After many generations of complete isolation, individual groups evolved increasingly distinct • Languages.

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