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Every person is in certain respects a) like all other people, b) like some other person, c) like no other person. (K

CULTURE AND PERSONALITY: BASIC CONCEPTS: culture & cultural syndromes CULTURE & PERSONALITY: Benet-Martinez’s work 2 Approaches: Lexical / Taxonomic Socio-cognitive. One of my favorite quotes ….

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Every person is in certain respects a) like all other people, b) like some other person, c) like no other person. (K

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  1. CULTURE AND PERSONALITY:BASIC CONCEPTS: culture & cultural syndromesCULTURE & PERSONALITY: Benet-Martinez’s work 2 Approaches:Lexical / Taxonomic Socio-cognitive

  2. One of my favorite quotes …. Every person is in certain respects a) like all other people, b) like some other person, c) like no other person.(Kluckhohn & Murray, 1948)

  3. GENERAL QUESTIONS:As people of varying cultures and ethnicities, how are we different and how are we alike?How do culture and ethnicity shape our identities and personalities?

  4. CULTURE: Shared systems of meaning that provide the standards for perceiving, believing, evaluating, communicating, and acting among those who share a language, a historic period, and a geographic location. (Shweder & LeVine, 1984). Useful metaphor -> culture = game rules

  5. Culture  Race or Ethnicity Question for the class: Who can explain the differences between these?

  6. Cultural Syndromes • (TAXONOMY OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES) • 2 basic dimensions of cultural difference: (Hofstede, 1983) • Individualism/Collectivism: extent to which the self is defined as a bound and separate (vs. fluid and interdependent). • Independent/Interdependent Selves(Markus & Kitayama, 1991) • Vertical/Horizontal Relationships: emphasis on hierarchy and status versus equality

  7. SELF INDEPENDENT SELF

  8. SELF INTER-DEPENDENT SELF

  9. VERTICAL USA India COLLECTIVISTIC INDIVIDUALISTIC Israel? Sweden HORIZONTAL

  10. Culture & Personality: Benet-Martinez’s studies Two different approaches: (1) LEXICAL/TAXONOMICBasic dimensions of personality in Spanish? (2) SOCIO-COGNITIVEModeling Biculturalism in the Laboratory

  11. CULTURE AND PERSONALITY: (1) PSYCHO-LEXICALKey idea: Language as a window to the ‘personality’ of a particular culture My work: Exploration of basic dimensions of personality description in different languages Method: ‘Combined emic-etic’ approach; factor analysis

  12. (1) LEXICAL APPROACHNatural language as a window to study cultural universals/differences in personalityFUNDAMENTAL LEXICAL HYPOTHESIS:Those psychological constructs that are the most salient and socially relevant in people’s lives will eventually become encoded into their language; the more important is such construct: (1) the more likely it is to be expressed as a single word and be overepresented in the language; and (2) the more languages and cultures will have a word for it.(Goldberg, 1982)

  13. Are the English Big Five (Seven) cross-culturally robust? Yes in Spanish (using translated American measures)(JPSP: Benet-Martinez & Waller, 1995; JPSP: Benet-Martinez & John, 1998) NEED FOR ANOTHER STUDY THAT:(1) Identifies the basic indigenous dimensions of personality description in Spanish(2) Assesses the overlap/specificity between these indigenous Spanish dimensions and the American Big 7.

  14. (1) LEXICAL APPROACHExploring Indigenous Spanish Personality Constructs witha Combined Emic-Etic Approach(Benet-Martinez & Waller, 1997; Benet-Martinez, 2000)GOALS OF THE STUDIES:(1) To identify the basic indigenous dimensions of personality description in Spanish(2) To assess the overlap/specificity between these indigenous Spanish dimensions and the American Big 7

  15. COMBINED ETIC/EMIC APPROACH(Yang & Bond, 1990)EMIC APPROACH: Reliance on indigenous measures or models--> in this study: self-reports on 299 indigenous Spanish personality adjectivesfrom the dictionaryPLUSETIC APPROACH: Reliance on imported measures of models--> in this study: self-reports on Spanish-translated Big Seven and Big Five questionnairesSampleN = 894 college students from Spain who completed both emic and etic measures

  16. Results from factor analysis of emic measure:7 INDIGENOUS SPANISH PERSONALITY DIMENSIONSExamples of marker items (translated from Spanish)

  17. PLEASANTNESS&ENGAGEMENT in Spain:Gran placer y poco duelo es el deseo de todo hombre.(Much pleasure and little pain is every man’s desire)--Spanish proverbSpaniards ..... passion is the seed that brings them forth, and passion is the flower they bear.--George Orwell (Homage to Catalonia)

  18. ALMODOVAR’S FILMS: A celebration of pleasure/pain and passionKinder, M. (1987). Pleasure and the New Spanish Mentality: A Conversation With Pedro Almodovar. Film Quarterly, vol 41.1, 33 - 44.Pally, M. (1991). The Politics of Passion: Pedro Almodovar and the Camp Esthetic.Cineaste Magazine, vol 12 issue 3.

  19. OVERLAP BETWEEN THE INDIGENOUS (EMIC) SPANISH PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND IMPORTED (ETIC) BIG 7 INVENTORY

  20. CONCLUSIONS FROM STUDIES:(1) There is considerable overlap between the Spanish Siete Grandes and the American Big 7 (1b) Exception: Pleasantness and Engagement (instead of E & N)(2) Positive and Negative Valence seem fairly robust across these two cultures.

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